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Dungog is a moderate-sized Australian country town with a typically wide main street. It is located in a valley surrounded by rolling hills on the banks of the Williams River, 228 km north of Sydney. With a population of 2500 in 2004 it is essentially a cattle-raising, dairying and timber town and a service centre for the surrounding area. The name Dungog is from a local aboriginal dialect and means 'place of thinly wooded hills'. The first Europeans in the area are thought to have been stockmen in search of wayward cattle. The thick stands of cedar in the area soon drew timbergetters. One account concerns a cedar tree with a circumference of nearly 9 metres which it was estimated would yield 9 km of timber. The initial property grant was made in 1824. The first grant to the north was made to James Dowling in 1828. The land for a township to be named Upper Williams was set aside in 1830 but 'Dungog' was adopted in 1834. As a consequence of the bushranger activity in the area, including Captain Thunderbolt, Ben Hall's Gang, The Governors and the Jew Boy Gang, barracks and stables for police troopers were built between 1835-1838 (now the Dungog court house). A town plan was approved in 1838. A school was built in 1843. By 1850 the town was well-established and of good reputation. Timbercutting remained a central focus of the local economy into the 1860s when it was supplemented by a tannery, a tobacco factory and a flour mill.The railway arrived in 1911. Before 1888 Dungog was a very poor settlement, with no water supply, cars, telephones, hospital, butter factory, dairying, street lighting, footpaths, gutters, bridges or municipality. From the late 1800's these services were progressively established to service the planning district's population. The Census of 1857 indicated that Dungog village had 25 houses and a population of 126 people. By 1861 the population had grown to 458 people. By 1909, the Dungog area was serviced by a telephone network. In 1835 the Post Office was opened in Dungog. As the area in the vicinity of Dungog township was further explored, a large number of tiny settlements were established paricularly north of Dungog. Many of these exist today as comparatively isolated rural communities. These include: Bandon Grove, located 10km north of Dungog and originally part of Samuel Kingston's "Bandon Grove" estate, the settlement of Bandon Grove grew up on the confluence of the Williams and Chichester rivers. By 1880 the village had a post office, store tobacco factory, public school and Wesleyan Chapel. Bandon Grove prospered in the early 1900's due to the increase in dairying and citrus growing. A timber truss bridge was constructed over the Williams River at the turn of the century. Bandon Grove is today a picturesque rural community. Wangat, an Aboriginal name, meaning 'place where whispers are heard', located about 4 mile upstream from the present Chichester Dam. The development of Wangat was based on the discovery of gold 6. In 1881 a village of 80 people had grown and two crushing apparatus, one at Upper and one at Lower Wangat had been acquired, servicing 50 mines. Wangat was surveyed as a town in 1884 in a standard grid pattern. The village grew rapidly and boasted a school, hall and houses in the 1880-1890's. The yield of gold dwindled however and by 1902 only two houses were left in the village. The road to Upper Wangat was eventually closed to traffic. Salisbury, settled about 1836. Located north of Dungog at the feet of the Barrington Tops, Salisbury was an isolated community. A national school opened in 1875. Salisbury received a Post Office in the 1840's, which included a store. A Congregational Church opened in 1903. Principal activities in the area included dairying and cash cropping, and the locality is today a comparatively isolated and scattered rural community. Dusodie, an aboriginal word meaning 'place that is hard to find'. This scattered rural settlement is located north of Bandon Grove. Chichester valley was settled during the late 1840's and early 1850's. Chichester once boasted a school. The locality is now the most isolated rural community in the Dungog Shire. Underbank grew from the original estate of W M Foster, and is now a collection of properties. Wallaringa also derived from G S Waller's estate, once having a school and hall. Wirragulla was derived from John Hooke's estate, taken up in 1828. The locality once boasting a flour mill.[Sydney Morning Herald, Dungog Shire]

Copeland, c.1900 Image - NSW Dept Primary Industries

Mountain Maid Mine. Gold was first discovered in the Copeland district by Mr Saxby in July 1876, at Back Creek close to the site of the present township of Copeland. Miners flocked to the area and the population rapidly increased to 1100, of whom 800 were miners. Their needs were catered for by four stores and three public houses. While some alluvial (creek bed) gold was recovered, the deposits were soon worked out and less than 2000oz in total was recovered. The alluvial miners, noticing that much of the gold was attached to fragments of quartz, began prospecting the surrounding ridges for gold reefs, which were quickly discovered. Within a year of the first gold being discovered in the district, a number of reefs were already being mined including the Rainbow, Centennial, Mountain Maid, Hidden Treasure, Lady Lizzie, Mechanics, Morning Star, Star of the South, Rose and Thistle and Lord of the North. During 1877 the extent of gold-bearing country had been proven from the Barrington River, through Copeland, to the Bowman River on the northwest, a strip of country about five miles long. At about the same time, gold was discovered in various other parts of the district including Cobark, Rawdon Vale, Boranel Creek and the Little River. The first gold lease taken up at Copeland was applied for 25/11/1876, and the first crushing machine, consisting of 10 head of stamps, was erected in 1877 by Driscoll and Watt on the Rainbow Reef. Rich finds during 1877, 1878 and 1879, and especially the high returns from the Mountain Maid Mine, brought the goldfield into prominent notice, and the year 1879 saw the industry at its peak. Unfortunately, the high hopes formed as to the permanence of the reefs were not realised, and by the early 1880's only 12 of the 51 reefs continued to be worked. By 1887 mining had virtually ceased in the area, the Mountain Maid being one of the last mines to produce gold. Today, very little of Copeland township remains to be seen. The Mountain Maid was discovered in October 1876 by Doust, Gill and Irwin, 1.5km south west of Copeland, the reef bears ENE by WSW with a slight underlay to the south, with an average width of six inches. To the end of 1879, 925tons of crushed ore had yielded 7664oz gold, with workings 180ft deep. To the end of 1886, the mine had yielded 8819oz from 1892tons crushed, an average of 4oz 13dwt per ton. "Gold Town encompasses one of the area’s most famous reefs of gold, the Mountain Maid Reef, which was first discovered by Messrs Doust, Gill and Erwin in October, 1876, just four years after the first Alluvial gold was discovered at Back Creek by two cedar-getters, Saxby and Bartlett. The Mountain Maid Mine, as it was to be known, has a horizontal entrance. A vertical shaft, located 395 metres in from the entrance, extends 150 metres upwards to reach the surface. This provides a natural ventilation system to the mine. Since the main productive period (when the mine yielded 417 kilograms), the mine has changed hands a number of times and has been worked intermittently until 1978 when the gold lease was terminated by the Department of Mines. In 1988, John Dale, with the support of Gloucester Shire Council and the local community, officially opened Gold Town to the public." The mine is situated in the valley of the Copeland Creek, surrounded by lush rainforest, including a magnificent stand of red cedars. Old mining memorabilia, including the steam engines used to power the stamper battery, are on display. A guided walk takes you deep into the hillside, following the main shaft to where the gold-bearing ore was extracted, before it was fed into the stamper battery, to be crushed so that the gold could be separated from the quartz and other impurities. The head stamper battery still operates. In late 2006, the first stage of a project to redevelop the Mountain Maid Mine Tourist Facility was completed. A replica of the original bridge that once gave access to the main mine shaft was installed, historic structures were stabilised and refurbished, and contemporary structures were removed. As recently as 2008 the mine was still open as a tourist attraction. Official total production from the 45 mines operating in the area was 1964kg of reef gold. Only five of the mines yielded more than 100kg, the largest being the Mountain Maid with 417kg. In 2001, with gold prices at a high, a development application was made for further exploration and extension of the Centennial Gold Mine, although nothing appears to have come of it.[Copeland gold deposits, Gloucester Advocate, Managing National Parks & Reserves, Gloucester Profile, Barrington Tops Top Spots]

St Stephen's Presbyterian, East Maitland. An earlier brick church building in the Gothic style with a square crenellated tower suffered in the great flood of 1893 and a new church was built on higher ground and opened on 16/7/1938. Constructed in brick in a contemporary Gothic idiom, the building incorporates a square tower flanking the entrance porch. The above photograph is of the interior of the earlier church.[Organ Historical Trust] Forest Lodge is a small, inner-city suburb of Sydney, immediately to the west of Glebe. Forest Lodge was named after a house built in the area in 1836 by Ambrose Foss. The house stood on the present site of 208-210 Bridge Road until it was demolished in 1912. A local pub, also called “Forest Lodge” is one of the few remaining watering holes of the 1850's still operating. Developed mainly in the Victorian era, a predominance of single and double storey row houses follow the contours of the low hills, stepping down in steep grades, and a few grander terraces built on the higher elevations.[Wikipedia, Harris Partners] The address 41 Mew Street, Ultimo, no longer exists and is today occupied by the campuses of the University of Technology and the Sydney TAFE. The location of James' residence in Forest Lodge is unknown - there is no record of "University Cottage" apart from material concerning James. There are few surviving free-standing homes in Forest Lodge from the time James settled there - most surviving period dwellings are terraces and it is doubtful that someone with James' social & financial standing would have been living in a 'mere' terrace. 115 Hereford Street is a sandstone 'cottage' built in the 1870's (the right time period) and currently set on 525 square metres of land (possibly once larger).[Realestate.com]