A
William Follett, gardener, appears on some passenger lists for the
Buffalo, which was part of the "first fleet" to South Australia,
travelling alone and paying his own way.[34,92] However this William
Follett was not listed amongst those who actually arrived in South
Australia. It is possible that this is the William Follett
below
and that after booking passage deferred his departure and left several
years later. Alternatively there were two William Follett's and the one
on the Buffalo, 1836, either died en route or disembarked before
reaching South Australia. Note that at about the time William Follett
of the Buffalo would have cancelled or deferred his passage he would
have married (or began a defacto relationship) with Maria Hooper, their
first child being born early 1837. According to [16] it was suggested
that William was a "cattle duffer from the North of Scotland", however
the surname is essentially unknown in Scotland and no evidence has been
found to support this suggestion.
Attempts
to find the marriage of William & Maria have to date proven
unsuccessful. Likewise attempts to find the location of the birth of
their first known child, Amelia. What is known consists of negatives.
An examination of the Littleton parish registry does not show a
matching marriage or baptism indicating that they were not native to
the parish and in fact had arrived there late 1837 to mid 1838.[109] An
examination of the Devon family Hist Society Marriage Index does not
reveal any possible matches, even accounting for spelling
variations.[109,112] The index is almost 100% complete, missing a few
non-conformist registers & a few parishes with partially
illegible
records (none of which are near Littleham). Amelia does not appear in
the Devon Bastardy records, indicating that if she was born in Co
Devon, her parents were already married.[109] Curiously, the birth
certificate for the 5th child, William Robert, has a dash in the column
"when & where parents married".[4] Whether this signifies a
defacto
relationship or simply that the details were not provided to the
Register is unknown.
The
Warrior
was a 485 tonne
(some accounts give 478 tons) wooden-hulled sailing ship owned by Rule
& Co of London
which was launched at Chepstow in 1828, sheathed in copper in 1830 and
repaired on 1837 & 1839. On 23/10/1829 she sailed
from London
and
Portsmouth to the Swan River Colony (Western Australia), Hobart Town
(Tasmania) and Sydney (NSW). Captain
John Stone was in command and she carried 27 officers and 4 guards as
well as her 166 passengers. On 17/11/1839 the ship departed London for
Plymouth, England, commanded by Captain Joseph Beckett, departing
Plymouth 27/11/1839, arriving Port Adelaide, South Australia 17/4/1840,
carrying 126 passengers (30 men, 29 Female and 38 children) and cargo
including "338 packages containing two steam engines and other
merchandise,
235 deals and battens, 1 hhd. brandy, 133 hhds beer, 1 case 1 box books
1 gig, 14hhds 5 casks wine 12 brls. biscuit, 210 packages merchandise"
as well as a flour mill. The two steam engines were brought out
separately by John Ridley and Benjamin Kent, both passengers
on
the Warrior. "The
Warrior which arrived last week has brought out
some of the most useful and valuable machinery that could possibly be
imported into a new colony. By this vessel has arrived a steam, flour
and saw mill, and also a patent machine for making bricks. This latter
is the property of Dr. [Benjamin] Kent, a passenger by the vessel, and,
we understand, a wealthy and enterprising gentleman, who is likely to
be quite an asset to the colony."
The 1839/1840 passage was part of the "Emigrant Labourer Free Passage
Scheme", an idea presented by Edward
Wakefield, which was accepted by the Colonization Commissioners of
South
Australia. The scheme ended at the end of December 1840 through lack of
funds. At the end of 1840 there were approx. 17,366
Europeans in
the new colony, including 5,000 labourers and their families.[Passenger
Ships to Western Australia,
Pioneers Assoc
of South Australia, Pioneers
& Settlers bound for South Australia, Trials
and Tribulations,
Tyneside Tyzacks, Mills,
Millers and Millwrights]
Littleham
is an area of Exmouth in Devon, England. It was historically
a village and civil parish, much older than Exmouth itself.
Historically it formed part of East Budleigh Hundred. The
ecclesiastical parish is now known as Littleham-cum-Exmouth. Between
1903 and 1967 Littleham had its own railway station, on the Exmouth
& Salterton Railway of the London and South Western
Railway. Littleham has lost its rural charm since the
rapid growth of
Exmouth which now covers most of the parish.[Wikipedia,
Littleham]
"Littleham,
a village and a parish in St. Thomas district, Devon. The village
stands on the coast, 2 miles east of Exmouth railway station; and is a
small, scattered, secluded place. The parish contains also the greater
part of the town of Exmouth. Acres, 3,651; of which 640 are water. Real
property, £15,734; of which £57 are in quarries, and £23 in gas-works.
Population in 1851 was 4,150; in 1861 it was 3,904, with 801 houses.
The population exclusive of Exmouth in 1851 was 261 and in
1861 it
was 243, with 52 houses. The manor belonged formerly to the
Earls
of Devon, and belongs now to the Hon. Mark Rolle. The living is a
vicarage, united with the chapelry of Exmouth, in the diocese of
Exeter. Value, £184. The church is ancient and very good; consists of
nave, aisles, and chancel, with a tower; and contains a good screen.
There are a chapel of ease, a dissenting chapel, and an endowed
national school in Exmouth; and there are charities about £14."[Imperial
Gazetteer 1872] Stoke
Damerel,
now known as Stoke, is a parish, that was once part of the historical
Devonport, England. In 1914, Devonport and Plymouth amalgamated with
Stonehouse: the new town took the name of Plymouth. Since the
amalgamation Stoke has been an inner suburb of Plymouth, Co Devon.
Stoke is now densely built up with family houses and bisected by the
main railway line from Paddington to Penzance. The area has been
prosperous for several hundred years, and there are some distinguished
private houses dating to Georgian and Victorian times. The
parish
was known in the Domesday Book as "Stoches" and the manor was held
prior to that by the Saxon, Brismar. When it was seized by
King
William I in 1066 it was given to the Norman, Robert de Albamarle.[Wikipedia,
Plymouth
Data]
"Stoke Damerel, a parish, in the hundred of Roborough, Roborough and
South divisions of Devon; adjoining the borough of Plymouth, and
containing 33,820 inhabitants. This parish, which includes Devonport
and Morice-Town, is one of the most extensive in the county; the
village occupies an elevated site, and comprises several rows of
excellent houses, a crescent, and some private mansions of more than
ordinary beauty. Among the public structures are, the immense reservoir
of the Devonport Water Company, which supplies the government
establishments and the neighbourhood in general; the military hospital,
a spacious edifice of grey marble, erected in 1797, on the west side of
Stonehouse Creek, comprising four large square buildings, of similar
size and form, connected by a piazza of forty-one arches; and the
Blockhouse, occupying an eminence north of the village, surrounded by a
fosse and drawbridge, commanding a most magnificent prospect. On the
eastern bank of the Hamoaze is Morice-Town, consisting of four
principal streets. The church is a mean but spacious building,
with a low square tower. Two additional churches have been erected; and
there are places of worship for Independents, Calvinistic Methodists,
and Wesleyans."[Lewis
1844]
Glenelg
is a popular beach-side suburb of Adelaide, located on the shore of
Holdfast Bay in Gulf St Vincent. Established in 1836, it is the oldest
European settlement on mainland South Australia, with the proclamation
of the colony of South Australia. It was named after Lord Glenelg, a
member of British Cabinet and Secretary of State for War and the
Colonies. The first British settlers set sail for South Australia in
1836. Several locations for the settlement were considered, such as
Kangaroo Island, Port Lincoln and Encounter Bay. The Adelaide plains
were chosen by Colonel William Light, and Governor John Hindmarsh
proclaimed the province of South Australia in Glenelg on 28 December
1836.[Wikipedia] Noarlunga
is a small town approximately 40 minutes drive south of Adelaide, South
Australia. Originally settled around 1840, the town retains its village
atmosphere in spite of encroaching suburbia. In 1840 the South
Australia Company laid out the 'No-orlunga Township' at the
'Horseshoe', Onkaparinga River. The name "No-orlunga" supposedly comes
from the Kaurna word meaning 'fishing place'. By July 1840, the town
had a hotel, the Horseshoe. In the early years of settlement, the
surrounding area was cleared for wheat farming, and a flour mill was
built in the town in 1843 along with wharves used to transport produce
down the Onkaparinga River to Port Noarlunga via barge. The town also
had a stone bridge across the Onkaparinga, making the town a focal
point for travel further down the Fleurieu Peninsula. By the 1850s, the
town boasted a secopnd hotel, the Jolly Miller, a brewery and some
forty houses. By the 1860s the town had a post office, council chamber,
6 churches, a public pound, 2 hotels, mill, brewery and brickyard. In
1978 the town took on the name of Old Noarlunga.[Wikipedia,
Onkaparinga
City]
King
William Street,
Adelaide, c.1845 Watercolour - Artist
unknown
Adelaide
is the capital city of South Australia and the fifth-largest city in
Australia, with an estimated population of more than 1.2 million.
Adelaide is a coastal city situated on the eastern shores of Gulf St
Vincent, on the Adelaide Plains, north of the Fleurieu Peninsula,
between Gulf St Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges. The
suburbs reach roughly 20km from the coast to the foothills but sprawl
100km from Gawler at its northern extent to Sellicks Beach in the
south. Named in honour of Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen consort to
King William IV, the city was founded in 1836 as the planned capital
for a freely settled British province in Australia. Much of Adelaide
was bushland before British settlement, with swamps and
marshlands
were prevalent around the coast. Colonel William Light designed the
city and chose its location close to the River Torrens. Light's design
set out Adelaide in a grid layout, interspaced by wide boulevards and
large public squares, and entirely surrounded by parkland. Adelaide was
established as the centre of a planned colony of free immigrants,
promising civil liberties and freedom from religious persecution, based
upon the ideas of Edward Gibbon Wakefield who believed that
the
eastern colonies suffered from a lack of available labour due to the
practice of giving land grants to all arrivals. Wakefield's idea was
for the Government to survey and sell the land at a price that would
make it unaffordable for labourers and journeymen. Funds raised from
the sale of land were to be used to bring out working class emigrants,
who would have to work hard for the monied settlers to ever afford
their own land. As a result of this policy, Adelaide does not share the
convict settlement history of other Australian cities like Sydney,
Perth, Brisbane and Hobart. As it was believed that in a colony of free
settlers there would be little crime, no provision was made for a gaol.
By early 1838 a number of burglaries and murders led to the creation
of the South Australian Police Force and a gaol
established.
Adelaide's early history was wrought by economic uncertainty and
incompetent leadership. The first governor of South Australia, John
Hindmarsh, clashed frequently with others, in particular with the
Resident Commissioner, James Hurtle Fisher. The rural area surrounding
Adelaide was surveyed by Light in preparation to sell a total of over
405 square km of land. Adelaide's early economy started to get on its
feet in 1838 with the arrival of livestock. Light's survey was
completed in this period, and land was promptly offered for sale to
early colonists. By 1860, wheat farms had been established from
Encounter Bay in the south to Clare in the north. Governor Gawler took
over from Hindmarsh in late 1838 and, despite being under orders from
the Select Committee on South Australia in Britain not to undertake any
public works, promptly oversaw construction of a governor's house, the
Adelaide Gaol, police barracks, a hospital, a customs house and a wharf
at Port Adelaide. In addition, houses for public officials and
missionaries, and outstations for police and surveyors were also
constructed during Gawler's governorship. Adelaide had also become
economically self-sufficient during this period, but at heavy cost: as
a result of Gawler's public works the colony was heavily in debt and
relied on bail-outs from London to stay afloat. Gawler was recalled and
replaced by Governor Grey in 1841. Fortunately for the colony silver
was discovered and agriculture was well underway. The city exported
meat, wool, wine, fruit and wheat by the time Grey left in 1845,
contrasting with a low point in 1842 when one-third of Adelaide houses
were abandoned. South Australia became a self-governing colony in 1856
and a bicameral parliament was elected on 9 March 1857, by which time
109,917 people lived in the province. In the 1890s Australia was
affected by a severe economic depression, ending a hectic era of land
booms and tumultuous expansionism. The value of South Australia's
exports nearly halved. Drought and poor harvests from 1884 compounded
the problems, with some families leaving for Western Australia.
Adelaide was not as badly hit as the other colonial capitals.[Wikipedia]
Kensington
is a suburb of Adelaide, South Australia. Kensington's
streets are laid out diagonally in order to follow Second
Creek. Norwood is
a suburb of Adelaide, about 4 km east of the Adelaide city centre.
Both Kenginston & Norwood are in the City of Norwood Payneham
&
St Peters, the
oldest South Australian local government municipality. In 1838 the sale
of land in Kensington was advertised, aimed at "The Working
Classes and Small Capitalists", describing the land as being for "those
who wish for a comfortable retreat within a short distance from
their employment in Adelaide of a desirable opportunity within a mile
from East Terrace on the east side of Hallett's Rivulet." The village
was named after the birthplace of Queen
Victoria and was in reality aimed at the wealtheir residents of the
colony, with roads laid out to maximise the number of blocks with creek
frontage. Several large estates were also established, with onsite
hamlets for workers. It was not
until 1847 that Norwood was laid out, named after Norwood in London,
then a village
12 kilometres south of the Tower Bridge. As with Kensington, Norwood
attracted the wealthier settlers. By the 1850s a group of local
residents from Kensington, Marryatville (a worker's village in
Kensington) and Norwood began to lobby the colonial government for the
application of responsible
local government over the villages. In 1853 the three villages were
incorporated into a town with local government known as the Town
of Kensington and Norwood. It was the first Municipal Town (outside of
the City of Adelaide) to be proclaimed in South Australia. The addition
of Kent
Town in 1856 comprised the only change ever made to the Council's
boundaries. In 1859 the first Town Hall in South Australia was built on
The Parade in Norwood. In the 1860s water and gas were reticulated
throughout the municipality and over 5000 people attended the opening
of the Kent Town Methodist Church in 1869. During this period, one of
the State's most prestigious Methodist schools, Prince Alfred College
was opened and the Baptist Church, the largest building on The Parade,
was completed. The Jesuit Fathers from Austria built St Ignatius Church
in Queen Street, Norwood in 1870 providing the first Jesuit Church in
any capital city in Australia. Mary MacKillop and the Sisters
of St Joseph, built the first church and the first provincial house for
the order at Kensington. In 1878 the first horse-drawn tram
service in Australia was operated by the Adelaide Suburban Tram
Company. The route ran from Kensington to Adelaide via Norwood. By the
1880s the Town of Kensington and Norwood was the
largest in South Australia and was considered fully developed. Elegant
villas and grand mansions graced the tree lined
streets of the district and there was little room for further
residential
development. Though the pioneering days had passed, a trace of its
earlier rural endeavours lingered in a remnant vineyard or an isolated
orchard scattered throughout the district. The
first electric tram service in Australia began on the Kensington,
Norwood and Adelaide line in 1909.[Wikipedia,Wikipedia, Historic
Kensington, Kensington
& Norwood] Adelaide
Destitute Asylum.
In 1851 the government granted the Destitute Board access to part of
the barracks complex next to Government House on North Terrace. It
became the Destitute Asylum and a place where the aged, poor and
chronically sick were looked after and kept alive. The Asylum continued
to operate until 1917. During the 1850's and 1860's the Asylum's
occupancy of the barracks expanded. The building was repaired and wings
added to accommodate the increasing number of residents. In 1863 an Act
was passed for the ‘Regulation of the Destitute Asylum' to better
regulate the government's aid to the destitute and sick. It also
provided rules relating to the inmates' behaviour in the asylum.
However, the Act did not address the issue of eligibility for
assistance. The majority of inmates in the Asylum were aged,
chronically ill, bed-ridden, crippled, blind, paralysed or diseased.
Some were young or middle-aged and had no future. The Asylum also
housed deserted women, children and pregnant destitute women. By June
1864 there were seventy six males and sixty nine females (including
children). In 1868 the Destitute Board established institutions for
state children and they were removed from the Asylum. Over time the
Asylum became a hospital for aged and chronically ill people. On
30/6/1867 there were one hundred and sixty nine adults living in the
Asylum. Of these, one hundred and fifty two were suffering from a
physical disability which ensured their permanent residence in the
Asylum. In 1870 the Asylum grew and took over the rest of the military
barracks. However, applicants continued to arrive, increasingly
referred by the Adelaide hospital. The Colonial Surgeon realized that
he could send chronically ill patients to the Destitute Asylum and free
up beds at the hospital. The Destitute Board was forced, in turn, to
press for improved facilities and extra nurses. In 1882 the government
recognised the need for professional full-time medical care at the
Asylum and allowed the appointment of a paid medical officer. During
the 1890's and 1900's the Destitute Asylum was usually full, with over
six hundred inmates. In 1909 and 1910 the federal government introduced
old age and invalid pensions which reduced the need for the Asylum.
However, it wasn't until the Old Folks Home at Magill was opened in
1917 that the Destitute Asylum was finally closed.[History
of Disability in South Australia]
Cottage,
La Couture,
St. Peter Port, Guernsey Photograph - Zoopla
Holy
Trinity Church
is an Anglican church on North Terrace, in the city of Adelaide, South
Australia. In terms of weekly attendance, Trinity is the largest
Anglican church in South Australia. Holy Trinity Anglican Church is
historically significant in that it contains elements of the earliest
surviving Anglican church building in South Australia. Holy Trinity
Church was built in three main stages. It was originally planned that
the church would be a prefabricated building imported from England,
however, when the prefabricated building arrived from England badly
damaged, it was
Mavis Goode, 1927 Photograph - Yvonne Baldock
decided instead to build a stone church. Governor
Hindmarsh laid the foundation stone on 28 January 1838 and the church
opened in about August that year. The building quickly became a
landmark with its ‘peaked cap’ top tower and the Vulliamy clock. In
1844 the church was closed for repairs and the clock removed
for
safekeeping. The body of the church was rebuilt and re-roofed and the
tower lost its peaked cap. It reopened in August 1845. When Bishop
Short arrived in 1847, Holy Trinity assumed many of the functions of a
cathedral, and was the place of worship for the Governors, many of the
colony’s prominent families and the military. In 1878, there was a
proposal to rebuild when some money was subscribed, but this did not
take place until the congregation decided in the mid 1880s to
completely rebuild the church to a design by the prominent architect EJ
Woods, using the mellow sandstone which eventually weathered to match
the original limestone. The hall and the rectory are also significant
features in the precinct. The hall was built in 1887 using a donation
from a parishioner. The original rectory was a prefabricated ‘Manning’
building which arrived in better condition than the church. It was
replaced by the present building in 1851, and was the home of seven
successive incumbents. It is now used as offices.[Wikipedia] La
Ramée / La Couture
is a road in the north-west of St Peter Port, Guernsey,
Channel
Islands. The northern section of the road is La Ramée (which passes
through the village of Les Quartiers), the southern is La
Couture.
It is unknown whether the Heyward family moved along the road
between 1857-1860 or whether they lived near where the road changes its
name and variously gave their place of residence as La Ramée or La
Couture. The location of Charleston Cottage is unknown. Saint
Peter Port
is the capital of Guernsey as well as the main port. The population in
2001 was 16,488. In Guernésiais and in French, historically the
official language of Guernsey, the name of the town and its surrounding
parish is St Pierre Port. As well as being a parish, St. Peter Port is
a small town consisting mostly of steep narrow streets and steps on the
overlooking slopes. It is known that a trading post/town has existed
here since before Roman times. St. Peter Port is located on the East
coast of Guernsey. The land in the North and by the harbour is low
lying but in the South, the land gets much higher (but not as high as
St Martin's or the Forest). This means that there are quite a few
cliffs on the coast between Havelet and Fermain.
[Wikipedia]
Guernsey,
officially the Bailiwick of Guernsey is a British Crown dependency in
the English Channel off the coast of Normandy. The
Bailiwick, as a governing entity, embraces not only all 10 parishes on
the Island of Guernsey, but also the islands of Herm, Jethou, Burhou,
and Lihou and their islet possessions. Although its defence is the
responsibility of the United Kingdom, the Bailiwick of Guernsey is
not part of the UK; and is not part of the European Union. The
Bailiwick of Guernsey is included (along with the Bailiwick of Jersey)
in the grouping known as the Channel Islands. The
name of Guernsey, as well as that of neighbouring Jersey, is of Old
Norse origin. The second element of Guernsey (-ey) is the Old Norse for
"island". The first element is uncertain, traditionally taken to mean
"green," but perhaps rather representing an Old Norse personal name,
possibly Grani's. Guernsey
is situated 48km west of France's Normandy coast
and 121km south of Weymouth, England. The terrain is mostly
level with low hills in
southwest. There is a large,
deepwater harbour at St Peter Port. During their migration to
Brittany, the Britons
occupied the Lenur Islands (the former name of the Channel Islands). In
933 the islands, formerly under the control of William I, then Duchy of
Brittany were annexed by the Duchy of Normandy. The island of Guernsey
and the other Channel Islands represent the last remnants of the
medieval Duchy of Normandy. By the beginning of the 18th
century Guernsey's residents were starting to settle in North
America. The 19th century saw a dramatic increase in prosperity of
the island, due to its success in the global maritime trade, and the
rise of the stone industry. The Bailiwick of Guernsey was occupied by
German troops in World War II. During the occupation, some people from
Guernsey
were deported by the Germans to camps in the southwest of German and
there was also a concentration camp built in Alderney,
the only concentration camp built on British soil.[Wikipedia]
Cottage,
Les Hubits,
Guernsey Photograph - Robert
Gregson
Meat
& Fish
Markets, St Peter Port, c.1900 Portcard
- Artist
unknown
Interior,
St Peter
Port Markets Postcard - Hartman,
1907
Les
Hubits is a
rural village in Guernsey about 1.5km south-west of St Peter Port.St
Peter Port Meat Market.
Up until the late 18th century, the island was largely self-sufficient,
with the protein in their diets coming from a combination of
freshly-caught local fish, pork (most households kept a pig or two) and
beans. With the threat of a Napoleonic invasion, came a dramatic
increase in the size of the army stationed at the island garrison. In
order to accommodate the extra mouths to feed, cattle were imported to
the island, initially from the ports along the south coast of England,
such as Lyme Regis, Dartmouth and Brixham. In 1777, a private
company was established which bought a field from the St Peter Port
rectory garden, just behind the Town Church, and 1780 they built a
market there in which to house the butchers. This building became known
as the French Halles or Leadenhall market. In 1818, the States of
Guernsey acquired the market, and in 1820, began construction of a new
market building to house the butchers. The building was designed by
John Wilson, architect of a number of acclaimed public buildings in
Guernsey, and was completed in 1822. The cost of the New Meat market
was £4,222.
The Arcades were built in 1830 as
a fish market. 'Both in its accomodation and the abundance of its
supply is admitted to be unrivalled in any place in Europe.' As the
threat of Napoleonic invasion subsided, the island prospered, and the
nineteenth century saw a boom in growth of the civilian population.
This brought further challenges of feeding the island. But England was
in a similar situation, and so the island butchers had to look to
France and Spain for cattle to import. The growth in demand attracted
even more butchers to the island.[St
Peter Port 1680-1830,
History
of Guernsey Butchers]
"In
the meat market of St. Peter's Port, which is alongside the vegetable
market, are thirty-six well-supplied batchers' shops : a large number
for so small a place. The contiguous fish market, too, contains forty
fishwives' marble stalls, on which one morning, last September, I
counted twenty-two species of fish and Crustacea."[Fortnightly
Review 1876]
King
Street, Sydenham,
New Zealand Photograph - Google StreetView
St
Peter Port Church,
originally known as Sancti Petri de Portu. St Peter Port takes its
name from its parish church and the ‘Town Church’, as it is known
throughout the island, is also the mother church of the Bailiwick. The
first mention of the Church in official documents was in 1048 when
it is thought to have been given to the Abbot of Marmoutier by William
of Normandy. The
church was built over a 200 year period with the chancel completed in
the 12th century
and the chapel added in 1462. The church was completed in 1475. The
nave is the oldest part, its heavy walls pierced by an arcade when the
aisles on each side were added. The corner in which the font stands is
chamfered, so close did the houses of medieval St Peter Port crowd
round their church. The last major extension, the ‘south transept’, had
to be built about the churchyard, the only space available. Major
restoration to the interior was undertaken in 1822 and again in 1886.
The stained glass is mostly post WW2. Up until the middle 1700's, the
Church was completely surrounded by street markets and houses. A stream
ran past the Church and around the harbour.[Bailiwick
of Guernsey, Heritage
Guernsey, A
Church Near You,
Island
Life] The
Stonehouse
was a wooden-built clipper saling vessel with double topsails, a gross
registered tonnage of 1153 tons, length 209 feet, 36.2 feet
beam
and holds 21.9 feet deep. Built in 1866, Pallion, she was owned by J.
Morison and registered at London. In the 1873/1874 Lloyds Registry it
was noted that the ship, then commanded by Captain O. Bley,
had
been sheathed in felt & yellow metal and fastened with copper
bolts
in 1872.[eBay, Aus-Immigration-Ships] Sydenham
is an inner suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand, located two kilometres
south of the city centre, on and around the city’s main street, Colombo
Street. It is a retail and residential suburb. The Sydenham borough was
formed in 1876 and Charles Allison advocated that the new local body in
the area be the Sydenham Borough Council named after Charles Prince’s
crockery and china shop on Colombo Street called "Sydenham House". The
crockery shop, in turn, was named after the London suburb of Sydenham
in the Borough of Lewisham. The first council and its first mayor,
Mayor George Booth, were elected in 1877. In 1903 the borough
amalgamated with the City of Christchurch and became a suburb. At that
time Sydenham already had its own swimming-baths, fire-engine, cemetery
and recreation grounds.[Wikipedia]
Christchurch,
New
Zealand, c.1890 Photograph - Burton
Brothers
Quarry,
Port Lincoln,
South Australia Photograph - Searcy
Collection
Christchurch
is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the
country's third-largest urban area. It lies one third of the way down
the South Island's east coast. The city was named by the Canterbury
Association, which settled the surrounding province of Canterbury. The
name of Christchurch was agreed on at the first meeting of the
association in 1848. It was suggested by John Robert Godley, who had
attended Christ Church, Oxford. Christchurch became a city by Royal
Charter in 1856, making it officially the oldest established city in
New Zealand. Following the purchase of land by the Weller brothers, a
party of European settlers established themselves in what is now
Christchurch, early in 1840. Their abandoned holdings were taken over
by the Deans brother in 1843 who stayed. The first four ships were
chartered by the Canterbury Association and brought the first of the
Canterbury Pilgrims to Lyttelton Harbour and arrived in 1850.
Christchurch was the seat of provincial administration for the Province
of Canterbury, which was abolished in 1876.[Wikipedia]Jubilee
Memorial Home
for the aged, Woolston. The main building was designed by S. Hurst
Seager (1854-1933) whose motto was "Comfort with Economy". It opened in
1888 and was designed for the reception and maintenance of aged poor
persons. It was also to be a memorial for the Golden Jubilee of Queen
Victoria (1819-1901) in 1887.[Christchurch
City Libraries]
Inn,
33 College Road,
Kent Town, SA Photograph - Google StreetView
Anthony Heyward
(vi) Photo - Yvonne Baldock
Robert Heyward
(ix) Photo - Yvonne Baldock
Bubonic
Plague in Australia. In
mid-January 1900 bubonic plague made its first recorded appearance in
Australia, being officially declared in Adelaide on the 15th of the
month and in Sydney four days later. In Sydney the disease, introduced
by infected rats aboard overseas vessels berthed at Darling Harbour,
quickly invaded the nearby dockside streets and within a few months had
spread to encompass much of the city. Between February and August 1900
some 300 persons were struck down by the infection, of whom more than
100 died. Probably the toll was much higher due to misdiagnosis and the
fact that many cases went unreported. Like all plague outbreaks, the
epidemic caused a degree of human tragedy and suffering out of all
proportion to the numbers of cases and deaths actually involved. More
than 1750 people were uprooted from their homes and forcibly
quarantined. Many homes and outbuildings were demolished, fences
knocked down, sanitary conveniences destroyed, chattels removed and
people virtually turned out on to the streets. Whole districts of
Sydney were cordoned off, quarantined and invaded by an army of
“sanitary inspectors” and public cleansing teams. Curfews were imposed
upon infected zones of the city and people’s right of movement were
severely restricted. Organised teams were engaged to collect and kill
rats (and in some cases domestic dogs and cats). Popular cures and home
remedies became vogue. One senior government minister went as far as to
urge people to burn barrels of pitch and tar in the streets to purify
the air. There were twelve outbreaks of bubonic plague between 1900 and
1925, between 1900-1910 there were 550 deaths. The
1906/1907 outbreak began in December 1906 and was considered
over
by July 1907. John Ashburton Thompson was the first Chief Health
Officer in NSW. His epidemiological investigations in both rats and
humans provided the first real evidence for the role of the rat flea in
the transmission of plague. He was instrumental in identifying rat
control as the foundation of the public health response to plague
outbreaks and the success of that response, first in Sydney and then
internationally.[Bubonic
Plague in Australia,
2010
NSW Public Health Bulletin,
Emergency
Management Australia,
Sydney
Morning Herald 11/7/1907]
"Bubonic
Plague. The following appears in "Common Complaints and Simple
Remedies," by Dr. S, T. Knaggs, M.D., and published by Messrs. Anthony
Hordern and Sons, Sydney:- This is a highly infectious epidemic
disease, characterised by enlargement of the lymphatic glands, with the
formation of buboes, boils, and carbuncles, often accompanied by
bleedings from the stomach and bowels, generally ending in death. It is
an established fact that the spread of the plague, if not a primary
cause, arises from the presence on premises of rats that are affected
with the same disease. When it is known that plague is prevalent in any
town or city, it is incumbent upon every citizen to join in a crusade
for the destruction of rats. Traps and poisons should be laid with
careful precautions, so that rats only can be caught or poisoned. Great
care must also be taken not to handle rats, dead or alive; they should
only be seized by means of tongs, or iron pincers, and either burned at
once, or thrown into a disinfecting solution, and then sent to such
depot as established by the Board of Health for the cremation of dead
rats. The pincers, or tongs, should be promptly heated to redness after
being used for picking up rats. Two forms of plague have appeared in
this State (N.S.W.) - the bubonic plague, and the pneumonic plague. The
former has just been described; in the latter the virus of disease
expends its energy upon the tissues of the lungs; the onset in sudden,
the symptoms very virulent, and death very rapidly comes. All cases of
pneumonia happening during the prevalence of a plague epidemic must be
looked upon with suspicion, and if the onset be sudden, and the
symptoms unusually severe, a notification should at once be sent to the
nearest Health Officer or Police Oficer. All cases of plague must be
similarly reported. It must be remembered that all forms of plague are
highly infectious, but the pneumonic form is particularly so, the
infecting breath of the patient spreads the germs of the disease
broadcast in the atmosphere. As a case of plague is taken charge of by
the authorities, and isolated under the treatment of a Government
Medical Officer, there is no necessity to give any other instructions,
than to advise strict isolation of any case suspected to be plague,
until examined by an expert, and then, if he declares that it be
plague, to cheerfully submit to the patient's isolation or removal,
which is the best and safest course to be adopted. The extraordinary
efficacy of crude petroleum as a plague disinfectant, has been
successfully demonstrated in Bombay."[Australian
Town & Country 6/2/1907]
The
Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes
(RAOB) is a Fraternal, Benevolent and Social Organisation founded in
the United Kingdom akin to the Freemasons. Membership is open to any
male over the age of 18, provided he is a "true and loyal supporter of
the British Crown and Constitution" and he "enters of his own free will
and consent". The organisation aids members, their families, those left
behind by deceased brethren and other charitable organisations. During
the 19th Century, via the British Empire, the Order spread throughout
the British Commonwealth and Lodges now exist in Britain, Northern
Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Middle East,
India, Africa, Gibraltar and Cyprus. The original RAOB lodge in South
Australia was established in 1896. Whilst the 'Buffaloes' are
not
affiliated with the Freemasons, they have many things in common,
including the aprons, gauntlets and other regalia they wear during
official ceremonies. The current Adelaide lodge is located at 78
Kermode Street, North Adelaide {coincidently,
Elizabeth Jane Follett (1.3) lived across the road from the lodge at
No.93 Kermode Street}.[Wikipedia, Yellow
Pages, The
Secrets Of Secret Societies]
Auckland
is the largest and most populous urban area in New
Zealand with
1,377,200 residents, 31 percent of the country's population. Auckland
lies between the Hauraki Gulf of the Pacific Ocean to the east, the low
Hunua Ranges to the south-east, the Manukau Harbour to the south-west,
and the Waitakere Ranges and smaller ranges to the west and north-west.
The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow isthmus between
the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the
Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have
harbours on two separate major bodies of water. On 27 January 1832,
Joseph Brooks Welle bought land including the sites of the modern
cities of Auckland and North Shore and part of Rodney District, for
"one large cask of powder" from "Cohi Rangatira". After the signing of
the Treaty of Waitangi in February 1840, the new Governor of New
Zealand, William Hobson, chose the area as his new capital, and named
it after George Eden, Earl of Auckland, then Viceroy of India. Auckland
was officially declared New Zealand's capital in 1841.[Wikipedia] Greymouth is the largest town
in the West Coast region in the South Island of New
Zealand. The Greymouth urban area had an estimated population
of
10,100. The town is located at
the mouth of the Grey River, on a narrow coastal plain close to the
foot of the Southern Alps. In clear weather, Mount Cook can be
clearly seen to the south from near the town. The mouth of the river
divides the town into three areas: Blaketown, close to the river's
mouth on the south bank; Karoro, to the southeast, separated from
Blaketown by a series of small estuarine lakes; and Cobden, formerly a
separate town, on the river's north bank. The first European to visit
the site of what is
now Greymouth was Thomas Brunner in 1846. Brunner discovered coal in
the Grey valley, and several places in the region bear his name.
Brunner himself named the Grey
River after prominent 19th century New Zealand politician Sir George
Grey. Together with gold, coal mining was a major impetus in the
town's early European history. When the mining industry started
to decline, forestry became a new staple industry.
Fishing has long been important to the town, despite the fact that the
entrance to the Grey River has two notoriously dangerous sandbars; an
inner and outer bar.[Wikipedia] "The
Holy Trinity Church , Greymouth, is a fine wooden building, at the
corner of Albert Street and Hospital Street, on two acres of ground,
which also contains the Sunday school and vicarage. The church, which
has seat accommodation for 600 persons, was designed by Messrs Young
Bros., architects, of Westport, and in the year 1905 it was
considerably renovated, at a cost of £600. The east end has a very fine
stained window, erected to the memory of the late G. T. N. Watkins, who
was incumbent for over ten years, and much beloved in the district.
Holy Trinity has an excellent pipe organ. There are 300 scholars and
twenty teachers on the roll of the Sunday school, of which Mr. Arthur
Vickerman is the superintendent."[Cyclopedia
of NZ 1906]
View
along Coromandel
Street,
Wellington, New Zealand Photograph - Sydney
Charles Smith
30
Edward Avenue,
Edgeware,
Christchurch, New Zealand Photograph - Google StreetView
Katie
Maria &
Norma Bunt (xiii) Yvonne Baldock
Margaret
Follett
Heyward (xiv), 1914 Photo - Yvonne Baldock
Wellington
is the capital city and second most populous urban area of New Zealand.
It is at the southwestern tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait
and the Rimutaka Range. It is home to 393,400 residents. Wellington
holds the distinction of being the worlds most southerly capital city.
Wellington was named after Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of
Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo. The Duke's title comes
from the town of Wellington in the English county of Somerset. European
settlement began with the arrival of an advance party of the New
Zealand Company on the ship Tory in 1839, followed by 150 settlers a
year later. The settlers constructed their first homes at Petone (which
they called Britannia for a time) on the flat area at the mouth of the
Hutt River. When that proved swampy and flood-prone they transplanted
the plans, which had been drawn without regard for the hilly terrain.
In 1865, Wellington became the capital city of New Zealand, replacing
Auckland. Wellington is more densely populated than most other
cities in New Zealand due to the restricted amount of land that is
available between its harbour and the surrounding ranges of hills.
Wellington has very few open areas in which to expand, and this has
brought about the development of the suburban towns in the greater
urban area.[Wikipedia]
The suburb of Newtown lies in the southern part of Wellington in New
Zealand. The suburb lies east of Vogeltown, between Mount Cook and
Berhampore. The main thoroughfares of Newtown are Riddiford St.,
leading from Mount Cook to Berhampore and Melrose, and Constable St.,
leading from Newtown to Kilbirnie. Originally a working-class suburb,
Newtown has followed gentrification trends in recent years, attracting
large numbers of immigrants, students and young professionals and
resulting in an ethnically diverse population.[Wikipedia]
St's
Margaret
& Andrew, Littleham, Devon Image -
Lewis Clarke [Geograph]
St
Margaret
& St Andrew, Littleham
was the original parish church for what is now Exmouth, Co
Devon. The first building on the site dates back to the 13th
century, of which the Chancel still remains. The church consists
of chancel, nave, north aisle, south chantry, south porch and tower.
The
chancel is the earliest part of the church, built about 1251,
the nave and chantry were erected about 1350. There are
some fine samples of Mediæval stained glass in the
church. Frances
Nelson, wife of Lord Nelson, is buried in the churchyard. A newer
parish church, Holy Trinity, was built in 1824.[Old Devon
Churches, Wikipedia] Mill
Cottage was
built in 1866 for Joseph Kemp Bishop and is one of Port Lincoln's few
remaining early buildings. The cottage stayed in the same family for
nearly a hundred years and is now owned by the City of Port Lincoln
Council and houses a local history museum. Joseph was a son of Port
Lincoln pioneer Captain John Bishop and married Elizabeth Hammond,
daughter of Rev Octavius Hammond, the Superintendent of the nearby
Poonindie Mission.
[Port
Lincoln Museums,
SA
Community History]
The Australian
Overland
Telegraph Line
was a 3200 km telegraph line that connected Darwin with Port Augusta in
South Australia. Completed in 1872 the Overland Telegraph Line allowed
fast communication between Australia and the rest of the world. It was
one of the great engineering feats of 19th century Australia[1] and
probably the most significant milestone in Australia's telegraphic
history. The final contract was secured in 1870 when the South
Australian government agreed to construct 3200 km of line to Darwin,
while the British-Australian Telegraph Company promised to lay the
undersea cable from Java to Darwin. The South Australian Superintendent
of Telegraphs, Charles Todd, was appointed head of the project, and
devised a timetable to complete the immense project on schedule. The
contract stipulated a total cost of no more than £128,000 and two
years' construction time. He divided the route into three regions:
northern and southern sections to be handled by private contractors,
and a central section which would be constructed by his own department.
The telegraph line would comprise more than 30,000 wrought iron poles,
insulators, batteries, wire and other equipment, ordered from England.
The poles were placed 80 m apart and repeater stations built every 250
km. Todd assembled a team of men from all walks of life: surveyors,
linesmen, carpenters, labourers and cooks. The team left Adelaide with
horses, bullocks and carts loaded with provisions and equipment for
many weeks. The central section would be surveyed by the explorer John
Ross. William Dalwood and Joseph Derwent arrived in Darwin on board the
SS Omeo with eighty men and the equipment required to construct the
Northern section of the line from Darwin to Tennant Creek. The southern
section from Port Augusta to Alberga Creek was contracted to Edward
Meade Bagot. The northern line was progressing well until the onset of
the wet season in November 1870. Heavy rain of up to 250mm a
day
waterlogged the ground and made it impossible for work to progress.
With conditions worsening, the men went on strike on 7 March 1871,
rancid food and disease-spreading mosquitoes amongst their complaints.
Weeks later the overseer, McMinn decided to rescind the contract for
the northern section. The South Australian government was now forced to
construct an extra 700 km of line, placing considerable stress on its
teams. It was another six months before reinforcements led by engineer
Robert Patterson arrived in Darwin. Running more than seven months
late, the two lines were finally joined at Frew's Ponds on Thursday, 22
August 1872. The line proved an immediate success in opening the
Northern Territory; gold discoveries were made in several places along
the northern section, and the repeater stations in the MacDonnell
Ranges proved invaluable starting points for explorers. Within the
first year of operations 4000 telegrams were transmitted. Maintenance
was an ongoing and mammoth task, with floods often destroying poles.
The extreme remoteness of many of the repeater stations also proved a
hazard: on 22 September 1874 Aborigines attacked the station at Barrow
Creek, and killed two operators. A policeman stationed there, Samuel
Gason, later led a reprisal attack.[Wikipedia] Draper
Memorial Church
was a Wesleyan Chapel in Gilbert Street, Adelaide, designed by
James Cumming in 1867. It was completed in 1869 in ‘Early
English’
style. Upon the
amalgamation of the various sects of the Methodist Church it was sold
to an Apostolic denomination in the 1920s. It was demolished in the
1970s. The church was named after the Rev. Daniel Draper who worked in
South Australia and Victoria, but drowned in 1866.[Architects
Database] Happy
Valley (not to be confused
with the Happy Valley to the
south of Adelaide) was the northern of the two original settlements
which became Port Lincoln (the other was Kirton Point, now the site of
the town power station). Within a few years the two settlements had
effectively merged. The aboriginal people called the area of Happy
Valley "Kallinyalla" or "beautiful water", and a little shoreline
spring still bubbles there today. For the Europeans it was "Happy
Valley." Port Lincoln was favoured by Governor John Hindmarsh as the
site for the capital of the new colony of South Australia, but because
of the inadequate supplies of fresh water and poor soil it was
discounted. It was charted by Matthew Flinders in 1802 and in the years
prior to the official settlement and proclamation of South Australia it
was visited by sealers and whalers. Following settlement, in 1837 a
whaling station was established in Sleaford Bay but the shore based
station quickly became unprofitable and was abandoned in 1841. The
first settlers, numbering about 120, arrived in March 1839 and building
began in an area called Happy Valley and at Kirton Point. Port Lincoln
was proclaimed a port on 27 June 1839. By 1840 the population had risen
to 270 and there were thirty stone houses, a hotel, blacksmith's shop
and a store in the Happy Valley area, as well as 3500 sheep and 120
cattle. The government built the first jetty in 1854 and more wells
were sunk for water. With the jetty built a regular steamer service
operated, connecting the town with Adelaide.[SA
Memory, SA
Postcards, Port
Lincoln Council] In 1838 James
Hawker wrote: "... After finishing
the survey
within a certain radius of our Sturt River camp we moved to Happy
Valley, about a half mile to the left of the old Clarendon-road. The
whole valley had the appearance of an immense wheat field; the kangaroo
grass was over 6 feet in height. My first introduction to a kangaroo
was about 100 yards from my tent. When forcing my way through the
grass, on a very warm day, I nearly tumbled over a great boomer, which
was lying in the shade of the grass. He bolted upright, and for some
seconds stared at me, and I at him, quite forgetting that I had my gun.
I was so taken aback that I lost the chance of acquiring a fine lot of
meat for camp use, for he was off before I recovered my wits."[SA
Register 1/3/1899] "Port
Lincoln. On the coast fronting Happy Valley, there is a spring of fine
water. It is proposed to enclose it with stonework so as to form a
fountain and reservoir for shipping to water at, which may be done at a
trifling expence. Mr. Porter, late of Liverpool, has sunk a well upon
one of his half-acre frontages, and has met with a similar spring at
the depth of only twelve feet; there is little doubt, therefore, of
finding water at a similar depth all along the coast of Boston Bay. Mr.
Charles Smith's establishment at Happy Valley is progressing rapidly;
he has already erected an hotel, and is now building a house of
freestone quarried upon the spot; the stone at present is only a kind
of bastard freestone, but as it improves the further they get into the
quarry, there is every prospect of coming upon a fine bed of pure
freestone in a short time. This stone cuts easily, and hardens by
exposure to the weather. Mr. Porter states that be is more delighted
with the place every day. This enterprising merchant, of the soundness
of whose judgment there can be no doubt, has determined to settle on
the spot, which he considers to be the only sea-port of South
Australia, and his establishment already begins to make a great show.
He has brought a quantity of orange, lemon, bananas, vines, and other
rare plants, which are all looking remarkably healthy. Mr. Hawson has
also commenced building upon Curtain Point, so that the foundation of a
town is already formed. Fish of all kinds are abundant, and mackerel
are caught in great quantities."[SA
Gazette 20/4/1839] "Early
Port Lincoln. The first pioneer thoroughly to examine Port Lincoln and
the country in the immediate vicinity was Robert Tod... {Happy Valley}
Deep water close inshore, washes a beach of gravel or stones, save on
the south side, where, for a short distance, it is sandy, and
comparatively shallow. We landed on a mountain, in front of a beautiful
vale; which we named 'Happy Valley,' and hoisted the British Flag,
under a salute from the vessel. Robert Tod and his party proceeded up
Happy Valley, and crossed the ridge, of the hills which separated them
from the interior. They saw open sheaoak forest, somewhat stunted in
appearance, rising from a soil of six to eight inches in depth, with a
substratum of limestone. Some hills were barren, and covered with
granite or ironstone, but the majority (even at an unfavourable time of
the year) had sufficient grass for depasturing sheep, and the valleys
would sustain a limited number of cattle, or be adapted to agricultural
purposes. Mr Tod said:— 'The scenery was splendid, and from the highest
hill behind the harbour there was a charming view of the bay and
surrounding coast, while toward the west the coast, and sandhills
adjoining Coffin's Bay were distinctly visible.' To the north-west 'lay
an undulating country, clear in many places, with belts of open forest,
and at no great distance the bed of a lake, about nine miles in
circumference, having all the appearance of being filled in winter.'
... After 73 years the visitor to Port Lincoln can trace the course
taken by Robert Tod and his party. They landed on a hight hill not far
from the perpetual spring on the beach opposite to Happy Valley, then
proceeded a little way inland and climbed what Mr. Tod describes as the
highest hill behind the harbour. This is evidently what is now known as
Winter's Hill ... Mr Dutton stated that on the coast, fronting Happy
Valley, there was a fine spring of water. The settlers who we're trying
to establish Port Lincoln proposed to enclose it with stone work, so as
to form a fountain and reservoir from which shipping could get water.
On my recent visit to Port Lincoln I saw this spring, from which a fine
body of water camomes, only a few yards from the sea. The water is
excellent, but the spring is as it was 75 years ago when Mr. Dutton saw
it. The proposed stone work has never been built, nor has a reservoir
been formed. Opposite to the spring, on the other side of the North
road, are relics of some buildings which were probably those bauilt by
Charles Smith, one of the founders of Port Lincoln. Mr Charles W.
Dutton, who as a child was taken by his father to Port Lincoln in 1839,
recollects of some houses being located there in his boyhood."[The
Register 23/12/1914]
Site
of Flinders Bridge, Little Swamp Photograph - Google StreetView
Thistle Island
is in the Spencer Gulf, South Australia, some 200 km west of Adelaide,
and northwest of the Gambier Islands. The town of Port Lincoln lies to
the northwest of the island. Between them, the Gambier Islands and
Thistle form a chain across the mouth of the gulf between the southern
tips of the Yorke and Eyre Peninsulas. It is the second largest island
off the South Australian coast, 16km in length, 5km wide, and covers an
area of some 4,000 hectares - including over 1,500 hectares of arable
land. Over 500 sheep are currently carried on the island. Flinders
arrived off the island on February 21, 1802. As his ship was in need of
fresh water, Captain Flinders send First Mate (and personal friend)
John Thistle, with Midshipman William Taylor and six crew members, to
search the nearby islands. Sadly these men were never to return. After
a search which lasted many days, their wrecked cutter, a single oar
and a water keg, were all that was found. In honour of his lost
crewmen, Flinders named the largest of the islands Thistle Island,
after John Thistle - and seven other nearby islands were named Taylor,
Williams, Smith, Lewis, Hopkins and Grindal - in memory of the other
members of the party who perished on that fateful expedition. For the
next thirty years or so, the island remained deserted to all intents
and purposes. Perhaps the earliest recorded "residents" were an
ex-convict, believed to be from "Van Dieman's Land" (Tasmania),
complete with his two wives, who were discovered on the island by
Captain John Hart in 1831. In 1838 the South Australian Company set up
a whaling station on the island. However, the yield was too small to
justify further development, and in 1840 it was closed down after the
men complained of "starvation and rotten beef, and biscuits such as
hungry pigs would loath!" Many traces of this short-lived endeavour
still remain - particularly around aptly named "Whaler's Bay." Since
those days Thistle Island has had several owners, and there were many
attempts to turn it into a useful and productive farming region. But it
was not until 1962 that it became viable as a sheep-farming prospect.[Wikipedia, Thistle Island] Port
Lincoln Store.
Captain John Bishop's original store was in Tasman Terrace, since
demolished to make way for the Kings Court Motel complex. Captain John
Bishop was born 1803, Bisley, England. He went to sea at an early age
and eventually captained the 80 ton brig Dorset, arriving in Adelaide
on the Dorset on 26/1/1839 with his wife Mary. He took up extensive
land at Port Lincoln in 1839, as well as Boston Island, and the
Bishop's ran the first store at Port Lincoln. His wife and daughter
died the following year. He married again to Esther Kemp and had 6
children with her before dying at Port Lincoln in 1865.[State
Library SA, Australian
Postal History]
The Flinders
Copper Mine,
located two miles north of Tumby Bay. Also known as the Tumby Bay Mine
and Wheal Bessie. Mining commenced in 1867 on two main lines of lode,
however most of the mining was carried
out during the period 1910-1916 and by 1918 the property was abandoned.
Several different syndicates operated the mine throughout its life.
Minerals extracted included Azurite, Chalcopyrite, Magnesite and Talc. "Several shafts have
been sunk on
separate lodes to various depths, and the main working shaft, judging
from the dump, miist be fully 200ft. deep. The lode material visible in
the dump is chiefly ferruginous quartz, containing carbonates and
yellow ore. At time of inspection no work was being carried on.(1908)".[Record
of the mines of SA, Mineral
Data, Review
of mining operations in SA]
Tarcoola &
Glenloth.
Tarcoola is a town in the Far North of South Australia 416 km
north-northwest of Port Augusta. Tarcoola is taken from a non-local
aboriginal language from an area around Tarcoola Station in NSW; it
means river bend. Tarcoola Post Office opened in 1900 and the town was
proclaimed in 1901. The name was taken from the nearby Tarcoola
Goldfields, which in turn had been named after Tarcoola the winner of
the 1893 Melbourne Cup horse race, the year gold was discovered in the
area. There were 2000 people living on the gold fields by 1900 and
there was even a town plan surveyed just north of the junction in 1915.
Today only the hotel and a few houses remain. The Tarcoola Goldfield
was discovered in 1893 when alluvial gold was found by a station hand.
Mining of reef deposits began in 1900 and the goldfield grew to become
the State’s major reef gold producer. Between 1900 and 1955, gold
bullion totalling 2400 kg was recovered. Since 1955 there has been a
small intermittent production. The Glenloth Goldfield was found with
the discovery of alluvial gold in 1893, but was not established until
1901 when auriferous reefs were located. Between 1901 and 1955 about
315 kg of gold were produced.[Wikipedia, Gold Rush
South Australia, SA
Dept Manufacturing, Innovation, Trade, Resources & Energy] South
West Cape.
Now the Memory Cove Wilderness Protection Area, part of the Lincoln
National Park. An area of coastal mallee with outcropping granite and
spectacular open ocean coastline. Memory Cove is 50 km from Port
Lincoln. Explorer Matthew Flinders, named the area Memory Cove in
honour of his crew who lost their lives aboard the ship's cutter.
Flinders reached this area in 1802 during his voyage of discovery
around southern Australia. The vegetation is a mix of mallee eucalypt
and sheoak. From the 1840s until 1957 the area was grazed and cropped.
Stock were watered from springs and soaks near the granite outcrops and
along the cliff tops fronting Sleaford Bay. Twice yearly the sheep were
mustered back to Port Lincoln for shearing and protection against
coastal disease caused by a lack of the trace elements copper and
cobalt. Horse teams and cattle were also pastured. Land was ploughed
with a team of bullocks and a four furrow McKay disc plough. Harvests
of barley were bagged annually, taken by dray to Memory Cove and rowed
out to a waiting ketch. The last barley was shipped out in 1912 prior
to a devastating bushfire.[Lincoln
National Park] Sleaford.
Sleaford Bay, also known as Fishery Bay, about 35 km south west of Port
Lincoln, was the site of a whaling Station. Sleaford Bay is about 1km
wide and opens to the south east. The Bay is rocky at the East side
with a long white sand beach and limestone cliffs all around. The
Sleaford Bay whaling station was established by 1837 when the schooner
Siren was reported as having departed Port Adelaide for Sleaford Bay.
By July 1839, only 4 whales had been taken from Sleaford Bay. The
station operated under the ownership of Messrs Hack and Company and the
Company of South Australia forming what became known as the United
Fishing Company of Adelaide. During the first season, 1500 gallons of
oil and three ton of whale bone were obtained. This insufficient yield
was blamed on inexperienced headsmen and constantly deserting boat crew
members. Despite the increase to 3400 gallons of oil being shipped
to Port Adelaide, the South Australian Company sold off all its
interests in 1841. The station was occupied sporadically until 1843,
when it was abandoned. In 1871 Seaford was proclaimed as a Hundred in
the County of Flinders. Land could only be purchased in proclaimed
areas, so as the demand for land grew, new hundreds were declared.
Within each hundred the land was surveyed into sections which were then
offered for sale.[South
Australian Projects, FamilyHistorySA] "Country
Correspondence. A short time since I visited Sleaford Bay and the
neighbourhood. The road to Tulka and Nickkera follows the coast line of
the proper bay, and hence is called the Proper road — an utterly
misleading title. There are now two roads, and so the traveller has a
choice of evils. By the lower, or old road, he drives along the edge of
a miniature but very ugly precipice; whilst the latter, being but
straight through several miles of the most hideous scrub, induces the
luckless traveller to regard things generally, and scrub roads in
particular, with a jaundiced eye. After leaving Tulka our route lay
across country where earth is a curiosity, and the hardy sheaoak
appeared to draw whatever nonrishment it received from the great stones
that were lying round. An hour's riding took as to the side of Sleaford
Mere. This is a lot very interesting but curiously shaped piece of
water. It is brackish in taste, but good stock water. It is not very
long since Messrs. W. Haigh and E. Bartlett took over from the sea on a
dray what I believe was the first boat ever launched on the Mere. They
visited, too, some of the tiny islands on its surface. We climbed some
sandhills, and the vast lonely Southern Ocean was booming at our feet.
The day was beautifully clear md fine, and yet the thunder of the
breakers was such that we had to be very close to hear each other
speak, and this though there had been no wind for several days
previously. Away on the right towered the steep bluff that forms Cape
Wiles, and there the sapping sea has undermined the cliff until a large
portion has fallen into the water and formed a small island at the base
of the parent cape, and between the two the sea forms a little strait.
Other tall head lands rise away at the eastern side of the bay. It is
said that the scene at Sleaford in rough weather is exceptionally
grand, and I can easily believe it. Even when I was there, calm though
it was, great green whiteheaded waves were rushing in ceaseless assault
upon the sands. At the foot of the sandhills, and just beyond highwater
mark, Some enterprising Port Lincolnites have sunk a hole about eight
feet deep in the vain hope of striking copper. There is a great variety
of scenery in the district of Port Lincoln. Around the town itself the
marine view is one of loveliness. Then there 1s a strip of barren and
dreary country across the peninsula till the southern coast in its
grandeur confronts the open ocean. Away again to the westward are
swamps, Where wildfowl and swans are found, and to the north is the
park country of Poonindie. During a period of about six months several
thousand head of kangaroos were destroyed on Tulka runs, but, owing to
the incomplete system of destruction adopted by the Governmnent,
vermin, which have been allowed to breed unchecked in the Hundreds of
Louth and Lincoln, are now invading the run again. Unless the system is
speedily altered and the destruction of vermin enforced in hundreds, as
on leased lands, the comparatively large amount expended for that
object on those properties will be thrown away. Tulka is a case in
point; scores of others might be adduced. Nothing but the most thorough
measures will destroy the nuisance."[SA Register
15/7/1884]
Chalmers
Church,
North Terrace, Adelaide, 1926 Photo - John
Henry Harvey
Warna
(Warner) Coast,
South West Cape, South Australia, 1929 Photograph - Edward
Fairhurst
Mary
(Garrett), Ellen &
Eric McDonald (iii) Yvonne Baldock
Ellen
McDonald
(nee Follett) (iii) Photo - Yvonne Baldock
Chalmers Free
Church,
Adelaide, now known as Scots Church, was built by a group of
Presbyterians aligned to the Free Church of Scotland, under the
leadership of Reverend John Gardner whoa rrived in Adelaide in 1850.
The church building was officially opened in 1851 and the tower was
added in 1858. In 1865 the Free Church became part of the Presbyterian
Church of South Australia. In 1929 Flinders Street Presbyterian Church
and Chalmers Church amalgamated under the new name of Scots Church. In
1977 Scots Church became part of the Uniting Church and remmains an
active church today.[Scots Church]
Prospect
Street, Port Lincoln Photograph - Google StreetView
Landrowna
Terrace.
"City Landmark Vanished. Slowly but surely the old landmarks of
Adelaide are being demolished to make way for improvements in the march
of progress. The latest disappearance is that of Landrowna terrace, a
row of two story houses which for half a century or so had occupied the
eastern frontage of Victoria square. At one time the row of buildings
was among the most pretentious of the ordinary domiciles in the
metropolis, and even during the last decade or so one of the houses
formed the city lodgings of a Premier, who added further distinction to
the place by having on one occasion entertained the late Prime Minister
there. Now the terrace has been wiped out, and the debris has been
scattered. The site, will be occupied in due, course by the Tramways
Trust with a depot for cars which will 'rest' there during the slack
periods of the traffic. It is intended that a temporary structure of
galvanized iron, with an attractive front, shall be put up, and be
utilized until the cost of building falls sufficiently to permit of the
erection of a permanent depot of concrete or other suitable material,
and which will include offices. The Trust is now laying down 11 tracks
to accommodate the cars, about 50 of which will be provided for in the
depot. The equipment for the prevention of fire and for all other
purposes of working will be on the most up-to-date lines. A contract
for the substructural work has been let to Mr. W. T. Collyer, and ten
ders will be invited immediately for the temporary superstructure. It
is expected that the depot will be completed in about four months'
time. The history of the site and Landrowna terrace provides
interesting reading. The area, which formed part of town acre 375, was,
it is stated, originally sold to Mr. E. Jerningham. He transferred it
to Mr. J. Miller and others, and it was from them that the first Bishop
of Adelaide (Dr. Short) bought it in 1849 as part of the See. The late
Hon. G. W. Cotton obtained a 60 years' lease in 1874, and he it was who
a little later had the terrace erected. He gave a lease to Mr. T.
Tapson in 1874, but the latter soon afterwards assigned the lease back.
Mr. Cotton mortgaged the property to Mr. G. Melrose in July, 1875. and
the lastnamed surrendered the mortgage in July, 1891, to Mr. W. S.
Douglas, one of the attorneys in the State for the Society for the
Propagation of the Gospel. In 1886 the Commissioner of Taxes valued the
property for taxation purposes at £39,000. That year the Church of
England bought back, for £3,777, the lease, with interest, from Mr.
Cotton (whose term would have expired in 1934, and was at the rate of
£120 per annum). In April, 1911, Ald. C. R. J. Glover became the owner,
and he sold out to the Tramways Trust in 1916."[The Register
28/3/1923] St
Paul's, Port Adelaide.
The
present church building dedicated to Saint Paul is the third to be
built at the corner of St Vincent Street and Church Place. The
original building was a wooden structure built upon piles on what was
only ten months prior referred to as an impassable morass. A
small stone church was erected on the site in 1852, the earlier church
having been almost demolished numerous times in storms and floods.
Shortly after the second church was dedicated the earlier building was
washed away by a swollen tide. The present St Paul's was opened in
1905.[St Paul's]
St
Luke, Adelaide, c.1870 Photograph - Henry Jones
St Luke's,
Adelaide.
The earliest part of St Luke’s Church was built in 1855. An old hall
stands behind the church. St Luke’s is one of the earliest Anglican
Churches in Adelaide. In 1853 an prefabricated iron church was brought
over from England, but was found to be too damaged upon arrival to be
used. Additional money was raised and part of the iron church was used
in the construction of St Luke's which was completed and consecrated in
1856. From 1846 until he retired in 1881, Rev. J. Pollitt served as the
rector of St Luke's. In 1992 the church was extensively damaged by
fire, since then it has been fully restored.[Historic
Adelaide, St Luke's]Kent Town is an inner
urban suburb of Adelaide, South Australia, named after Dr Benjamin
Archer Kent who established a farm and flour mill on which the suburb
now stands {Kent
arrived on the Warrior with William Follett & his family}.
In 1840 Kent converted the brick-making machinery he had brought from
England to be able to grind corn. His 'East Park Mill' was the first
mill in the province and was located on first Creek between Little King
William Street and North Terrace. In 1857, it became Logue's Brewery in
King William Street. At it turned out, neither brick-making or grinding
corn were a profitable enterprise and so Dr Kent returned to the
practice of medicine. He was appointed to the first S.A. Medical Board
and was one of the founders of St Peter's College. Prince Alfred
College was established in 1869 and Kent Town quickly developed into a
residential area for the wealthy and their servants.[Wikipedia, Preserve Kent Town
Association]McLaren &
Cardwell Street's.
In 1878-1879 the family resided McLaren Street and in 1881 their
address was given as Cardwell Street. McLaren & Cardwell streets
intersect hence it is possible that throughout this time the family
lived at the intersection of the two streets.
Cnr
Cardwell & McLaren Streets Photograph
- Google StreetView
Terraces,
Gilles St, Adelaide Photograph - Google StreetView
The Register,
originally the South Australian Gazette and Colonial Register, was the
first South Australian newspaper. It was first published in London in
June 1836 and folded almost a century later in February 1931. The
newspaper is the sole primary source for almost all information about
the settlement and early history of South Australia, documenting
shipping schedules, legal history and court records at a time when
official records were not kept. The Register was conceived by Robert
Thomas, a law stationer, who had purchased 134 acres of land in the
proposed South Australian province. Thomas arrived in Adelade in 1836
with his family and equipment to set up a printing plant and on
3/6/1837 the first colonial edition of The Register was printed in a
hut on an acre in Hindley Street, near what is now named Register
Place. From the start, the paper asserted a strongly independent
stance. Stevenson's style was vigorous and provocative, making himself
and The Register several enemies and in 1842, then insolvent, he was
forced to sell the paper to James Allen. The paper became weekly in
June 1838 and later twice-weekly from February 1843. By 1840, The
Register employed a staff of 21 and had reached a circulation of 900.
On 1/1/1850, it became a daily publication, and three years later the
paper was bought back by Thomas's son, William Thomas. The Register
outlasted many competitors throughout its long history, holding a
monopoly on the market at various stages, but it ultimately met its
match in The Advertiser. The Advertiser, founded in 1858, first emerged
as a serious challenger to the paper in the 1870s, and eventually
bought out and closed down The Register in February 1931 after the
Great Depression had severely reduced its fortunes.[Wikipedia]
Cottage,
Coglin Street, Adelaide Photograph - Google StreetView
3rd
Bushmen, Adelaide, 6/3/1900 Phorograph - SA
Chronicle
Third South
Australian Bushmen's Contingent,
departed Adelaide 27/2/1900 & returned to Australia
25/6/1901. Ten contigents departed from South Australia to fight
in the Boer War. Like similar Corps elsewhere, the cost of this
Contingent was defrayed
by a subscriptions from the citizens; a Committee being formed for
administrative purposes, but the enrolment and organization being
carried on by the military authorities. Men were required to be good
riders and expert shots, and to be familiar with the ordinary
conditions of bush life. The 1st and 2nd Contingents were financed by
the SA Government and the
men received an appropriate remuneration. The 3rd was relatively
poorly financed. The Bushmen’s Contingent of six officers and
ninety-three men served from June 1900 to April 1901. The 3rd consisted
of 1 captain, 3 subalterns, 1 medical officer, 1
veterinary officer, 1 sergeant-major, 1 quartermaster-sergeant, 4
sergeants, 1 farrier-sergeant, 8 corporals, 6 lance-corporals, 1
corporal trumpeter, 1 corporal cook, 1 saddler, 69 privates, a total, 6
officers, 93 of other ranks, with 100 horses. Five members of the 3rd
died or were killed and a total of sixty-one men in all of the South
Australian contingents died and their names with one exception are
recorded on the South African War Memorial at the front gate of
Government House Adelaide. The exception being, Breaker Morant who was
executed by a British firing Squad for war crimes, despite following
orders. The Bushmen's Contingent embarked in the transport
Maplemore, which steamed from Port Adelaide and called at Fremantle to
pick up the Western Australian Bushmen. Disembarked at Beira, 1st
April. This squadron participated in operations in Western Transvaal
from June, 1900, to April, 1901, under Lord Methuen, "No. 1" Division.
It formed part of General Carrington's force, which crossed Rhodesia
and entered the Transvaal from about Mafeking. Between 4th July and 9th
August, the squadron was patrolling the Marico and working towards
Eland's River district. On the 9th, they retired to Mafeking with
General Carrington. On the 13th, they were in a skirmish, and next day
in a fight at Buffel's Hoek. On the 15th, the squadron was made part of
a composite regiment of Bushmen with "D" Squadron New South Wales 1st
Mounted Rifles, Captain Polson's squadron 5th New Zealanders, and the
3rd Tasmanians. For a long time the Regiment did excellent work in the
Western Transvaal, as part of Lord Methuen's division. At Buffel's Hoek
there was fighting, and they sustained casualties. For the second time
they were in action at Ottoshoop on 12th September, when Captain S. G.
Hubbe was killed. At Lichtenberg on the 26th, there were again
casualties. Lieutenant Collins, who had been wounded near Ottoshoop on
6th August, but had recovered and rejoined, took command with the rank
of captain. Throughout the latter part of 1900, and the first quarter
of 1901, the composite regiment was in many engagements, chiefly in the
Western Transvaal, and also north of the Orange River Colony; and
losses were frequent, the enemy being; alert and ably led. Lord
Methuen, in a letter to the Secretary of the Bushmen's Committee, South
Australia, written after the departure of the Contingent, expressed
praise for the "splendid work performed by the squadron," their
cheerfulness in hardship, and their discipline. "I cannot conceive any
body of men of whom a commander has greater reason to be proud," he
wrote. The squadron embarked at Cape Town on the transport Morayshire,
29th April, 1901, and arrived at Adelaide about 25th June.[Perth Dead Persons
Society, South
Australia and the Boer War, Murray's
Boer War] "Farewell
to the Bushmen. The public farewell to the officers and men of the
South Australian Bushmen's Corps will take place this afternoon, when
they will parade through the principal streets of the city. Elaborate
decorations have been made in all the streets in honor of the soldiers,
but the Rundle and Gouger streets tradespeople have taken special
trouble to make their premises attractive. The line of march will be as
follows: —Starting from the camp at the Old Exhibition Grounds at 3.15
p.m., to North-terrace, along North terrace to and along East-terrace
to Rundle-street, along Rundle and King William streets up to the
Supreme Court, thence along Gouger, Brown, Morphett, Hindley, and
Rundle streets to Pulteney-street, and back to camp. A special-pay
parade of the military forces has been ordered. A half-holiday has been
proclaimed, and the Bushmen may safely anticipate a warm hearted
reception from the populace."[Advertiser,
6/3/1900] "Tuesday,
March 6, was a memorable day for South Australia. A contingent composed
of typical South Australian bushmen, and raised by public subscription,
bade farewell to their friends and their homeland preparatory to
embarking for active service in South Africa. Accompanied by regiments
representing several branches of the local Defence Force, they marched
through several of the city streets, and were accorded a magnificent
reception. Streamers of flags were stretched across the main
thoroughfares, bunting floated in the breeze from every available
flagpole, and business houses and hotels were adorned with colours
intending to convey ocular demonstration of loyalty to the Empire, and
best wishes to the 'gentlemen in khaki.' From an early hour crowds of
people lined the route of march, and when the troops were passing flags
and handkerchiefs were waved, and the onlookers lustily cheered. It was
a sustained tornado of enthusiasm from the time the bushmen sprang into
their saddles at the camp until they were at liberty to dismount. A
strong wind from the south brought the dust up, and a sprinkling of
rain, but the afternoon turned out fine, and the sun shone out a
cordial farewell to the weather-beaten sons from the saltbush and
spinifex country. The beating of the drums began as early as 10
o'clock, and from that time onwards the city was given over to
excitement. Calm thoughts and business transactions soon became
impossible, and before long employers and employes put work on one
side, and joined in the jubilations. In the opinion of many the
spectators were more numerous than on the occasion of the departure of
the second contingent on January 26. In any case nothing could surpass
the enthusiasm exhibited on Tuesday. A feature of the day's proceedings
was the presence of a large number of country folk, who lawfully claim
the Bushmen as 'their own boys.' Special trains brought a large
contingent from Gawler, and the Adelaide Railway Station presented a
stirring spectacle as these arrived with the local bands playing the
'Song of Australia.' The loyal residents of 'Colonial Athens' marched
to the Queen's Statue, where speeches were delivered. Other towns
contributed to the success of the day, and some residents from Port
Augusta cheered themselves hoarse as Lieutenant Ives passed by on the
handsome charger presented by some inhabitants of the northern town. At
different points along the route special efforts were made to excel in
the direction of a spectacular display, but the brokers, who seem to
have a happy faculty for doing the right thing at the proper moment,
were easily first with their perfect arrangements for making the most
of the occasion and cheering the hearts of the departing troops. They
commandeered the balcony of the Imperial Hotel, and carried out an
extensive programme, and out of compliment to the 'kindly hearted
beggars' who have contributed so liberally towards all the funds,
Captain Hubbe halted his men in front of the brokers amidst the wildest
enthusiasm of the onlookers. At the Town Hall the troops saluted His
Excellency the Governor, and Lord and Lady Tennyson shook hands with,
the chief of the Bush boys, and wished him and his men every sucess. It
was a grand sight as the squadron rode past. Men shouted wildly and
placed their children shoulder high so that they might, in years to
come, recall the day when they saw soldiers going from South Australia
to the war. Women waved their handkerchiefs and cheered as Captain
Hubbe came in view. Then they would cry out, 'Good by, good by, God
bless you, boys,' and before the last man had passed many of them were
to be seen quietly weeping. Pretty girls lost their heads as well as
their hearts. They would kiss a hand to a stalwart soldier, then they
would kiss both their hands, and finish up by breaking through the
cordon of police and running serious risks by grasping a trooper by the
hand and pressing a keepsake upon him. It was a great day for the bush
lads, and some of them confessed afterwards that they were overcome by
the warmth ot the treatment, and 'rode with lumps in their throats.'
The crowds were quick to note the special qualities of members of the
contingent to do good work at the front. Australians admire a good
rider, and are fair judges of a horse, and the veriest novice could see
that both the men and their mounts had been carefully selected, and
were of a high standard of excellence. The troopers sat their horses
with the easy grace of accomplished equestrians. They were flushed with
pride - the pride of race - and they were conscious, too, of the fact
that they go forth to battle with the full confidence of the people of
the colony reposed in them. South Australia believes in her Bushmen,
and their bearing on Tuesday justified the trust. 'The importance of
the history of a country depends, not upon the splendour of its
exploits, but upon the degree to which its actions are due to causes
springing out of itself.' Such was the principle laid down by Buckle,
and in the gift of three contingents to the Empire South Australia
deserves well at the hand of the faithful historian. That the unanimity
and cordiality of the sentiment awakened and the cheerful recognition
of all the accompanying responsibilities and burdens will prove of
ultimate benefit cannot be doubted. The war will do more than reams of
parchments, scores of treaties and miles of redtape to bring the old
hand and the new closer together. From north, east, south, and west
loyal, men have made haste to rally round the old flag floating above
the veldts of Southern Africa. Grey-haired veterans who have spent a
life time in Her Majesty's service and young recruits belonging to
famous regiments are associating with volunteers from Australia and
Canada and India, who have made many sacrifices in order to 'strike a
blow for the old land's sake.' Now Australian Bushmen — men who have
fought the drought fiend out back, and have raced the brumbie over
mountains and through thick scrub, and have checked a stampede of wild
cattle — are placing their special qualifications at the command of the
British Generals — 'Let as speak with each other face to face, And
answer as man to man, And loyally love and trust each other, As only
free men can.' English-speaking people owning allegiance to Queen
Victoria will understand one another better after this struggle. No one
can measure the extent of the mental and moral affinity which will
exist between the comrades who have been drawn from all parts of the
Empire. And fine Bushmen who passed through tie Streets of Adelaide
yesterday will still further strengthen that invisible but potent 'thin
red line of kinship.'"[Register
7/3/1900]
Cottage,
Beryl St, Broken Hill Photograph - RealEstate.com
The North
Mine, Broken Hill
originated with Block 17, which was located at the northern end of the
original seven Line of Lode leases. The lease was pegged out in
December 1883 by Julius Nickel and James Anderson as the Cosmopolitan
Mine and two shafts were sunk on the lease. The mine was sold to a
Melbourne syndicate for £15,000 and renamed as the Broken Hill North
Silver Mining Company (North Mine). In 1888, rich ore was located at
the 200ft level and the mine erected its own mill in 1890. By 1894
mining operations had exhausted the easily treated ores and operations
ceased. In 1895, the mine was purchased by Mr Halliburton Sheppard for
£1,750 and a new company called Broken Hill North Silver Mining N.L.
was formed. In the 1900s the De Bavay Treatment Company was
established to treat ore using de Bavay’s floatation process. By
1909 the plant was working successfully. A new mill was constructed at
the North Mine and this plant used the de Bavay process until 1917 when
the North Mine erected its own plant using the Minerals Separation
process. The Broken Hill mineral tenure consists of nine contiguous
mining leases covering 7,478 hectares located near the town of Broken
Hill, New South Wales, Australia. The lead-zinc-silver deposit was
discovered in 1883 by a local livestock station worker and has produced
over 500 million ounces of silver over its 120 years of continuous
mining operations. The Broken Hill Proprietary company was founded in
1885 to mine the namesake deposit. Sulphide Station. Two separate
underground mining operations exist at Broken Hill - the Southern
Operations and the North mine. Most of the ore comes from the Southern
Operations. Ore from the North mine is shipped via conventional surface
rail cars to the Southern Operations concentrator. The deposit consists
of the galena-rich Lead Lenses and sphalerite-rich Zinc Lodes at
company's South and North operations. Silver mineralization occurs in
both ore types but is typically higher-grade in the Lead Lenses. The
mine uses bulk mining methods and a conventional flotation mill is
employed to produce a concentrate that is sold to third party smelters
in Australia and Korea. The plant is budgeted to process 2.1 million
tones per year. In the fiscal year 2007 the combined underground
operations produced over 1.6 Moz silver, 60,500 t lead, and 92,100 t
zinc. The North Mine and North Mine Deeps developments were placed on
care and maintenance in September 2008. The previously mined North
Mine has known high grade mineralisation with potential for a
significant ongoing mining operation at Broken Hill. The North Mine
Deeps resource contains 3.7 million tonnes at 11.3 per cent zinc, 13.5
per cent lead and 219 g/t silver making it one of the highest grade
deposits in the world.[North Mine, InfoMine, Broken
Hill North Mine Deeps]
Queens Home,
Rose Park.
In 1900 the South Australian Company donated land in Rose Park and
grants of £2550 were made to enable the building of a private maternity
hospital. Initially known as The Queen's Home the hospital was
officially opened on Queen Victoria's 83rd birthday on the 24 May 1902.
The hospital was renamed the Queen Victoria Maternity Hospital in 1939
and was declared a public hospital seven years later under the
provisions of the Hospital Benefits Act.[Queen Victoria
Hospital] The Primitive
Methodist
Jubilee Church
in Morphett Street, Adelaide, was built in 1860. In 1894
it was host to the annual Primitive Methodist Conference. Under the
presidency of the Rev.J. Day Thompson, the amalgamation of the three
streams of Methodism - Bible Christians, Wesleyans and Primitive
Methodists, was strongly pushed forward, and a three hour 'animated
debate' took place, and in fact continued over two days. The conference
declared that it was strongly in favour of Methodist amalgamation.
The
Primitive Methodist movement was founded by Hugh Bourne and William
Clowes in 1807. The
movement grew rapidly and by 1907 they had established
5000 churches, gathered 800,000 members and had spread to the US,
Canada,
Australia and New Zealand and was especially strong amongst the amongst
working class. Primitive
Methodism was a movement amongst working class people during the
industrial revolution. The transformation of individuals, families and
communities was often dramatic. Known as "The Ranters" they were
persecuted by mobs and gangs, they were often brought before
magistrates and a number of their early preachers went to gaol. The
Ranters were well known for their lively singing and shouting. It was
quite common for people to experience shaking, or to lie apparently
motionless under the power of dynamic preaching inspired by the Holy
Spirit. The Primitive Methodist movement began to go off
track with the adoption of Protestant liberal theology. The crisis
developed in Adelaide in South Australia, with the arrival in
1889 Hugh Gilmore to
be the minister of the Primitive Methodist church in Wellington Square,
North Adelaide. Gilmore was the first Methodist minister in the colony
to be an overt advocate of Protestant liberal theology. By 1900 the
movement had begun to decline.[The
Primitive Methodist Movement Blog,
SA Memory] Dulwich
is a suburb in Adelaide, South Australia. The suburb is adjacent to
Adelaide's east parklands. Dulwich is a mix of residential housing and
commercial activity. The area, which was settled by Europeans in the
19th century and used as pasture, made a slow transition to a
residential suburb which was complete by the mid 20th century. Much of
the area's 19th century housing stock has been recognised with heritage
protection. Dulwich's close location to the Adelaide city centre, grand
old houses and leafy tree-lined streets make it an attractive and
sought-after suburb. Dulwich was named after the settlement in the
London Borough of Southwark. While Dulwich in 1881 was only home to
four residences, by 1891, after a period of explosive growth, there
were 50. Businesses began to establish themselves in Dulwich during the
early part of the 20th century. By the 1930s, Dulwich was home to
manufacturers, blacksmiths, engineers and other groups.[Wikipedia]
27
Mackinnon Pde, North Adelaide Photograph - Google StreetView
Florence
Margaret Sloan (ix) Photo - Yvonne Baldock
Deniliquin
is a town in the Riverina region of New South Wales close to the border
with Victoria. Deniliquin is located at the intersection of the
Riverina and Cobb Highway approximately 725km south west of Sydney
and 285km north of Melbourne. The town is divided in two parts by the
Edward River. The town services a productive agricultural district with
prominent rice, wool and timber industries. In 1843 the entrepreneur
and speculator Benjamin Boyd acquired land in the vicinity of
present-day Deniliquin. The location was known as The Sandhills, but
Boyd named it Deniliquin after 'Denilakoon', a local Aborigine famed
for his wrestling prowess. An inn and a punt were established on the
site in the period 1845-47 and the town site was surveyed in 1848 and
gazetted in 1850. As Deniliquin was established on the convergence of
major stock routes between the colonies of Queensland, New South Wales
and the Victorian gold rush centres of Victoria, it soon became an
important river crossing. Wool growing quickly became a major industry
and the area around Deniliquin was home to several Merino studs.
Large-scale irrigation schemes came to the Deniliquin area with the
establishment of the Deniboota and Denimein Irrigation Districts in
1938 and the Berriquin Irrigation District in 1939, using water
diverted from the Murray River.[Wikipedia]
Old
Follett Home, Poonindie Photograph - Yvonne Baldock
Eliza
Maria Watherston Photo - Yvonne Baldock
Poonindie, is
the name given to an Aboriginal mission on Eyre Peninsula 19 km north
of Port Lincoln by the Venerable Archdeacon Hale in 1850, who failed to
record the meaning of the word; it probably has a reference to 'water'.
In 1848 the first Bishop of Adelaide Augustus Short arrived in the
colony with his Archdeacon Mathew Hale. At once they became concerned
about the attempts that were being made to educate the aborigines in
Christian values. Although boarding schools had been established for
aboriginal children in Adelaide, on reaching the completion of their
education these young people invariably returned to their people and
their tribal ways. Hale saw this as his chance to set up a training
institution for these young teenagers, away from the immoral influences
of many Europeans in Adelaide at that time and also from the influence
of their own people. His vision was to establish, as Bishop Short wrote
"a Christian village of South
Australian Natives, reclaimed from barbarism, trained to the duties of
social Christian life and walking in the fear of God." In 1850
Hale took these young people and set up his training institution
adjacent to the River Tod at Poonindiey. The Government then advised
Hale that if he wanted Government assistance he would have to take
anyone sent to him and he was to make Poonindie a distribution point
for rations for the local aborigines. Hale agreed and set about and
succeeded in setting up his Christian village. Hale was transferred to
Western Australia in 1856, the mission continued to function, growing
intoa close-knit community, as Superintendents, farm managers and
teachers came and went. By 1860 the institution consisted of abuot
15,000 acres of lease land carrying sheep, cattle, horses and pigs.
Some good crops of wheat and oats were being grown. Poonindie men
became very good shearers, ploughmen and stockmen and were often sought
after by the local settlers. Some became lay readers and were called
upon to take services when required. Poonindie men were good cricketers
playing against Port Lincoln teams, even travelling to Adelaide to
compete against a St Peter’s College team. The St Peter’s College team
also visited Poonindie. By late 1880 early 1890 pressure was being put
on the Government to close the Mission and have the land sub-divided
and sold. By 1894 the lease had been surrendered by the trustees and
Poonindie people were being relocated at Point Pearce and Point McLeay.
Emmanuel Solomon & Superintendent Bruce were the only residents to
be allotted land at Poonindie. Approximately 300 acres of land east of
the church was dedicated as an aboriginal reserve which is now being
managed by the Port Lincoln Aboriginal Community Council. The town
today has two churches, a 105 year old school and families
whose forebears date back to the Mission days. The Poonindie
brickworks, long since closed, made and supplied red bricks for to Port
Lincoln and Whyalla.[Place Names of
South Australia, Poonindie
Mission]
"A
Cruise in the Governor, Port Lincoln .... Whilst in the neighbourhood
it was arranged that a visit should be paid to the Church of England
Native Mission Station Poonindie. Two buggies were procured, and a
start was made for the station, which is situated ten miles north of
Port Lincoln, on a plain within a mile or two of the sea at Louth Bay.
The road winds along the shore of the beautiful Boston Bay, and each
turn reveals fresh beauties. On the one hand tree-clad uplands,
scattered farms, with haystacks and fields of yellow stubble, divided
often by lumbering log or effective picket fences, so thoroughly
colonial and picturesque; and on the other. rocky headlands, crowned
with sombre sheaoaks, low broken cliffs with bright green creepers
clinging to their rugged sides, and the waves washing their feet,
reaches of white sand and shingle, abrupt rocky gullies with rushy
bottoms, betokening the presence of fresh water; and beyond all the
deep blue waters of the bay broken into low choppy waves by the wind
from the hills. Even as seen by the Musgrave's passengers, with the
disadvantages of a louring sky and rough wind the scene was one of
great beauty, and one not likely to be soon forgotten. What it must be
in the spring of the year, with the additions of green grass and
sunshiny weather, may be readily imagined. About three miles from
Poonindie the sheaoaks disappear near the road, but follow the sweep of
the hills; and a belt of scrub is passed through, at the further edge
of which is the station gate. Poonindie was founded in 1850 by
Archdeacon Hale, now Bishop of Brisbane. It consists of 15,455 acres of
fair land, some arable, and all good sheep country. Of this 250 acres
are under crop — 220 wheat and 30 hay. This year the yield has been
2,400 bushels of wheat and about 60 tons of hay; 9,000 sheep are
depastured, from which the clip last season season gave 115 bales.
There are also 150 head of horned cattle and 30 horses. The settlement
is on a plain a short distance from a small river containing permanent
water. The situation is rather bleak and exposed, but is found to be
healthy. There is quite a little township, consisting of a chapel,
school, store, Superintendent's and farm manager's residences, eleven
neat brick and eight upright log cottages standing close together, all
as spotlessly white as whitewash can make them, and three detached
cottages for boundary riders. There are at present 78 natives on the
station, which is under the superintendence of the Rev. R. W. Holden,
and of these all the adults, with the exception of one or two who are
incapacitated, are earning their own living. There is a school with an
attendance of 20 scholars, presided over by Mr. W. G. Blackmore. The
scholars were examined in several subjects, and showed much aptness and
intelligence, whilst the copy-books submitted for inspection would do
credit to any school in the country. The chapel, which is of stone with
brick facings, is a quaint-looking little building with a clock, and
circular plate in front bearing the inscription, 'Native institution,
founded Oct. 10, 1850.' It will accommodate 150, and contains a neat
reading-desk, communion-table, harmonium, comfortable seats, and a
punkah. Close to the chapel in a hollow is a fruit and vegetable
garden, and on the opposite bank of the creek is the cemetery. The
management of the farm and stock is in the hands of Mr. Watts Newland,
a thoroughly practical man. The wheat and other produce of the station
are shipped direct for Port Adelaide from Louth Bay, thus saving any
land carriage. Mr. Newland has to assist him fifteen able-bodied men,
to whom regular wages are paid as to European labourers. There are a
number of married couples on the station, and the people are all
cleanly, well-behaved, and seem very happy and comfortable. The
mission, which is self-supporting, is doing a good work, and is
deserving of the encouragement of all who have the welfare of our
native population at heart. The return journey to Port Lincoln was done
under the disadvantages of a strong piercing wind and a heavy down pour
of rain, and the weather continued thus till late next day, compelling
the steamer to remain in harbour till 12.15am on Wednesday, when the
wind having somewhat abated steam was got up and a start made for Cape
Borda."[SA Register
15/2/1876]
Eliza Sr & 'Lizzie' Follett, Poonindie farm Photograph - Yvonne Baldock, c.1920s
Eliza Maria (nee Waterston) Follett, Poonindie Photograph - Yvonne Baldock, c.1910s
Arriving at Church, Poonindie, 1905 Photograph - M. W. Hardy
Saint Matthew's Church,
Poonindie was built in 1854-1855, originally part of the
Poonindie Aboriginal Mission Station, it was intended at first to be
the school, but on completion it became the church, serving both the
mission and the local European community. Although not complete, the
first divine Service was held on 17/5/1855. When the Mission closed
after 44 years and the land was divided and sold, the Church and a
small area of land remained the property of the Anglican Church. The
heritage listed church has a double chimney, stained glass windows,
hanging lamps and a loft with winding staircase. The general style is
Romanesque. The porch entrance with circular embrasure is roofed with
slate. The church was built of local materials readily available. The
first roof was thatched from broom nearby. Local clay was puddled by
bullocks, and backed in a ditch to make red bricks. Local stone from
the bed of the Tod River was also used. But the great feature of
interest on the wall facing towards the hills,
is the handsome chimney-stack of Tudor design, which provides a
fireplace for which is now the nave - and one for the loft above -
where once the schoolmaster lived, visitors often slept and classes
were held on occasions. A winding staircase gives entrance from the
nave. Inside there is a tiny altar without ornaments, wooden Communion
rail
of cedar, a lectern carrying a huge covered bible, resting on a red
cushion with yellow fringe and tassels. The hanging lamps and, as it is
believed, most of the furniture, are all original. The clock (French
and dated 1797), bell and pewter collection plate were all brought from
England by Rev. Hale. The clock was used for the official time of the
district and was set over the porch. The thatched roof was soon
replaced with slate and then much later the slate was replaced by the
existing roof. At that time the turret over the eastern windows was
unfortunately removed.[St Matthew's]
Old Farmstead, North Shields Photograph - Google StreetView
North Shields, nr. Port Lincoln Photograph - Google StreetView
North Shields.
Matthew Smith arrived in South Australia in the Africaine and was
appointed resident magistrate at Port Lincoln. He took up a property
near Poonindie on the River Tod which he named Shields after his
birthplace, South Shields, England. In 1849 Henry James Smith,
Matthew's son, purchased section 189, Hundred of Louth, and in 1865 he
subdivided it into ten blocks of one acre calling it Shields, later
called North Shields.[State Library SA] "A
Trip to the West Coast. Leaving Liatukia, and continuing north amidst
beautiful scenery, where the ubiquitous bunny jauntily hops across the
road, a few miles bring me to a wayside "water hole" at North Shields.
It is conducted by Mr. William Boswell, an identity of the district, 80
years of age, hale, hearty, and patriarchal, who, after battling with
the trials and tribulations of life, has settled down in this rural
spot, where he will entertain the tourist by the hour with interesting
yarns of the locality in the early fifties. He tells how the pioneers
struggled without roads, of bullock-teams bogged, dray wheels and axles
smashed, teams now on the hilltops now on the seabeach, and how the
evolution of roads and roadmaking was introduced under the old Central
Road Board. He tells with a good deal of gusto his experiences of
Forest Creek and Bendigo Diggings, where he was stuck up by the
notorious highwayman, Captain Melville, afterwards hanged for shooting
a policeman. He relates also that on one occasion, at a place called
Back Creek, where there were several teams with their drivers and
accessories struggling with a bad road, he found himself confronted by
a revolver, with Captain Melville behind it, demanding his gold. His
first impulse was to show fight, but on glancing round he beheld his
mates standing in line under the revolver of another scoundrel, known
as 'Frank, the Native.' Considering discretion the better part of
valour, he submitted ungracefully to be 'interviewed.' At the moment a
diversion was created by an unearthly squealing from beneath the tilt
of one of the drays, caused by the wife of a bullpuncher who had just
discovered the state of affairs, and to whom Melville im mediately
turned his attention, by riding to the side of the dray and assuring
her in the most suave manner that neither he nor his friends interfered
with ladies. Bringing the men into line, he impressed on them his
desire not to rob them of their watches or of the few coins they might
have in their pockets, but he must have their gold. While one proceeded
to ransack the belongings of the party stowed away in the drays, the
other made them turn out their pockets. The search, however, proved
unprofitable, and Captain Melville, whom he described as a gentleman,
after giving the woman thirty sovereigns, called his mate, and dis
appeared in the scrub. The joke, however, lies in the sequel. Under a
false bottom of one of the drays there were secreted several hundred
pounds worth of gold in dust and nuggets. After another taste of the
waters from the "waterhole" I bade my old friend adieu, and proceeded a
few miles still north to Clifton, the home of Mr. George Dorward, first
taken up from the Government about twenty-five years ago, when it was
nothing but a sterile piece of country, overgrown with mallee, stunted
stringybark, and bastard whitegum. It has all been grubbed and cleared
by hand, and now with constant application of brains and muscles is
perhaps the most fertile spot in the district. He has a holding of
about 560 acres, 140 of which he annually puts under crop with Purple
Straw wheat as the best for yielding quality and quantity, Tuscan for
hay, and Chevalier barley for malting. He expects to reap 15 bushels of
wheat to the acre, and 30 of barley, though the greater part of his
crop of about one ton to the acre is to be cut for hay, and in a few
days the reaper and binder will be busy. The land has all been drilled
and fertilized with guano from the caves of the adjacent islands, which
he considers more suitable to his soil and climate than mineral
fertilizers. By constant manuring and good farming he has brought his
land from a barren waste to carrying a sheep to the acre. His lambs, of
which there was a big percentage, are a source of income, being in
request both by local and Adelaide butchers, and his wool forwarded to
the city brings a satisfactory price. The homestead is a well-built and
commodious stone house, and is surrounded by a fruit garden, containing
apricots, peaches, and plums in full bearing, also vines, which,
however, owing to a certain subsoil are not so thriving. There are also
several healthy carob trees raised from seed, and their produce is
utilized for assisting in the maintenance of the stock. Mr. Dorward
does not go in extensively for dairying or for rearing horses or
cattle, but gives nearly the whole of his attention to wool and
cultivation. It is marvellous to see the productive lands that once
would have starved a wallaby, now, as the result of twenty years of
manuring, fattening a sheep to the acre. At the outset of Mr. Dorward's
career be suffered one of the greatest and saddest lots that can befall
a man. He had gone from home for a month or two on business, but before
completing it he received a message that his wife and three children
were seriously ill with diphtheria, and on returning as expeditiously
as possible (travelling was slow in those days) he found them all dead
and buried. Like a true-hearted Briton he plucked up again, and is now
a prosperous and true type of a British yeoman. Long may he remain so."[South Australian Register 12/11/1898]
Hall, North Shields Photograph - Google StreetView
Eliza Follett (i) Photo - Yvonne Baldock
Eliza Maria Follett (i) Photo - Yvonne Baldock
Baudin Place, Port Lincoln, 1906 Photograph - Eric O'Connor Collection
Elizabeth & Amelia Follett (i/ii) Photo - Yvonne Baldock
David Otto Whait (ii) Photo - Yvonne Baldock
William Albert Whait Photo - Yvonne Baldock
Raymond Douglas Whait Photo - Yvonne Baldock
David John Whait Photo - Yvonne Baldock
Robert Whait Photograph - Yvonne Baldock
31 Ravendale Rd, Port Lincoln Photograph - Google StreetView
20 Tennant St, Port Lincoln Photograph - Google StreetView
Alexander Walter Follett (iii) Photograph - Yvonne Baldock
Wagga Wagga
is a city in New South Wales, Australia, straddling the Murrumbidgee
River. Wagga Wagga is the state's largest inland city, as well as an
important agricultural, military, and transport hub. The city is
located midway between the two largest cities in Australia, Sydney and
Melbourne, and is the major regional centre for the Riverina and South
West Slopes regions. The city is located in an alluvial valley and much
of the city has a problem with urban salinity. In 1829, Charles Sturt
became the first European explorer to visit the future site of the
city. Squatters arrived soon after. The town, positioned on the site of
a ford across the Murrumbidgee, was surveyed and gazetted as a village
in 1849 and the town grew quickly after. In 1870, the town was gazetted
as a municipality. During the negotiations leading to the federation of
the Australian colonies, Wagga Wagga was considered as a potential
capital for the new nation. Wagga Wagga became a garrison town during
World War II with the establishment of a military base at Kapooka and
Royal Australian Air Force bases at Forest Hill and Uranquinty. In 1943
there were 8,000 troops in training there with Wagga taking on the
characteristics of a garrison town. After the war, Wagga Wagga grew
steadily and was proclaimed a city in 1946.[Wikipedia]
The 32nd Battalion
was raised as part of the 8th Brigade at Mitcham, on the outskirts of
Adelaide, on 9 August 1915. Only two companies were raised from South
Australian enlistees - another two were formed in Western Australia and
joined the battalion at the end of September. The battalion sailed from
Adelaide on 18 November 1915. The 8th Brigade joined the newly raised
5th Australian Division in Egypt, and proceeded to France, destined for
the Western Front, in June 1916. The 32nd Battalion fought its first
major battle at Fromelles on 19 July 1916, having only entered the
front-line trenches 3 days previously. The attack was a disastrous
introduction to battle for the 32nd - it suffered 718 casualties,
almost 75 per cent of the battalion’s total strength, but closer to 90
per cent of its actual fighting strength. Although it still spent
periods in the front line, the 32nd played no major offensive role for
the rest of the year. In early 1917, the German Army withdrew to the
Hindenburg Line allowing the British front to be advanced and the 32nd
Battalion participated in the follow-up operations. The battalion
subsequently missed the heavy fighting to breach the Hindenburg Line
during the second battle of Bullecourt as the 8th Brigade was deployed
to protect the division’s flank. The only large battle in 1917 in which
the 32nd Battalion played a major role was Polygon Wood, fought in the
Ypres sector in Belgium on 26 September. Unlike some AIF battalions,
the 32nd had a relatively quiet time during the German Spring Offensive
of 1918 as the 5th Division was largely kept in reserve. The Allies
launched their own offensive with the battle of Amiens on 8 August, in
which the 32nd Battalion participated. It was subsequently involved in
the operations that continued to press the retreating Germans through
August and into September. The 32nd fought its last major action of the
war between 29 September and 1 October when the 5th and 3rd Australian
Divisions and two American divisions attacked the Hindenburg Line
across the top of the 6-kilometre-long St Quentin Canal tunnel; the
canal was a major obstacle in the German defensive scheme. The 32nd was
resting and retraining out of the line when the war ended on 11
November 1918. On 8 March 1919, after the gradual repatriation of men
to Australia, the remnants of the 32nd Battalion were merged with the
30th Battalion.[Australian War Memorial] Glen Osmond
is a small suburb of Adelaide, South Australia in the City of Burnside
located in the foothills of the Adelaide Hills. In 1841, silver and
lead were found at Glen Osmond.[Wikipedia]
Neighbouring Glenunga is a small suburb of 2,539 people within
Burnside, 3km east of the Adelaide central business district. The name
Glenunga is taken from an Aboriginal language and was given to the area
by the natives before European settlement. ond Road and the west by
Conyngham Street, the leafy suburb forms a rough triangular layout. It
is close by to other Burnside council suburbs of Toorak Gardens and
Glenside. Glenunga, along with its neighbouring suburb of Glenside were
once known by the name of 'Knoxville'. The first European settlers of
the area took up farming. Slaughterhouses were established in the 19th
century and at one point, the slaughterhouses were exporting overseas
and at the same time providing half of Adelaide's lamb requirements. A
number of coach companies, notably Rounsevell, Cobb & Co and John
Hill were set up in the 1870s and 1880s. Up to 1000 horses grazed the
land. At this point, most of the streets were beginning to be named.
Most were named by the inhabitants at the time, usually in reference to
their original homes in the UK. In the early 20th century, a number of
businesses started locating themselves in Glenunga. The South
Australian icon, the Hills Hoist - was invented by the Hill family in
Glenunga. Other notable businesses were the Symons & Symons glass
merchants and one involved in "Bland Radios". A church was established
in 1926, and a larger church was later built in 1956 and dedicated to
St Stephen. The suburb's transition from a largely rural area to a
residential suburb began after World War II, with migration to the area
from the United Kingdom and other countries. St. Stephen's Church was
demolished in 1999, with the church community moving to the growing St.
Saviour's Church in Glen Osmond.[Wikipedia]
St John's, Halifax St, Adelaide Photograph - Google StreetView
16 Sturt St, Glenelg Photograph - Google StreetView
Robert William Hamilton Follett on his farm (iv) Photograph - Yvonne Baldock
St John's, Halifax Street, Adelaide,
was built on land donated by Osmond Gilles. Lack of funds delayed the
completion of the church, which was eventually opened on 24/10/1841. In
1880 the Parish Hall was completed and served a dual purpose as a
school room for St John’s Grammar School. In 1882 it was decided to
sell the Rectory on East Terrace and in 1883 the new Rectory was
completed. It is a substantial two-storey Victorian house with a fine
balcony spanning the main façade which faces St John Street. In 1886
the original church was condemned by the City Surveyor, "some of the
walls were out of plumb, and in several places on the walls were cracks
through which daylight showed itself, and weather stains were
everywhere .. the floor was ravaged with white ants." A new building
was designed by architect R G Holwell and built by William Rogers, a
member of the congregation. The walls are constructed of sandstone
rubble and are unusually tuck-pointed. The fine tower which still
dominates this residential area integrates well with the rest of the
church and its angled buttresses are noteworthy. The Foundation Stone
was laid on 14/5/1887 and on 6/10/1887 the building was consecrated. By
1939 the character of the city of Adelaide had changed. It was noted
that year that "The encroachment of factories and business premises
upon the south-east portion of the city, has materially affected the
residential qualities of St John’s Parish, whilst the settlement of the
younger generations in various suburbs has also made a great change in
the size of the congregation. Compensation is found, however, in the
number of loyal parishioners from the eastern and southern suburbs, who
retain an affection for St John's." In the middle of the 20th Century
young families wanted to move to the new suburbs with more modern homes
and facilities. The large mansions were difficult to maintain without
costly servants and were converted into schools, hospitals and public
offices. There was a general decline in the fabric. The residential
population of the city declined drastically over this period. In 1927
the Rev’d Eric T. Wylie became the rector of St John's, remaining there
until 1945.[St John's]
The Follett cottage at
Double Corner was built in the early 1840s by Captain Henry Hawson,
located on allotment No.66, Port Lincoln, which is now No.44 Lincoln
Highway. Hawson resided in the cottage during his time as magistrate
and Inspector of Mounted Police. Alexander Watherston purchased the
cottage in 1866 after receiving the position of works manager at the
Poonindie Mission Station. It remained in the Watherston family for 103
years until sold in 1969. The cottage was demolished in 1969. The North
Shore Apartment Flats now stand on the site.[Port Lincoln Times
1/1/2000]
9(L)-5 Renny St, Paddington Photograph - Google StreetView
Royal North Shore Hospital Photo - Date unknown [NSW Health]
Paddington
is an inner-city, eastern suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Paddington is located 3km east of the Sydney central business district.
Paddington is located primarily on the northern slope down from a
ridgeline at the crest of which runs Oxford Street. Paddington is
bordered to the west by Darlinghurst, to the east by Centennial Park
and Woollahra, to the north by Edgecliff and Kings Cross and to the
south by Moore Park. In the early 1820s, ex-convict entrepreneur and
gin distiller Robert Cooper set out to build a grand Georgian estate at
the top of Paddington's ridgeline, affording excellent views. He named
the area Paddington after a London borough. The district's first
cottages were built around Victoria Barracks, formerly a major army
base. In the latter part of the 19th century, many terrace houses were
constructed to house the city's burgeoning working population and an
emerging middle class. Over time, these houses filled up almost every
parcel of land, causing the suburb to become overpopulated. The
unfashionable nature of the suburb continued until the mid-1960s, when
gentrification took hold. The suburb is now an example of uncoordinated
urban renewal and restoration. Paddington is known for its Victorian
terrace houses which, having been slums for much of the post-World War
II period, were later gentrified and are highly sought after. The
suburb is characterised by an array of interconnecting streets and
laneways, some too narrow for many of today's cars. These streets
contrast to some other much wider avenues, such as Paddington Street or
Windsor Street.[Wikipedia] The Royal North Shore Hospital
is a major public hospital in Sydney, located in St Leonards. The Royal
North Shore Hospital began as a cottage hospital on Willoughby Road,
Crows Nest. The foundation stone was laid by Sir Henry Parkes,
18/6/1887. The hospital was opened with accommodation for 14 patients,
with the requisite office and rooms for the medical and nursing staff.
In 1902 it opened in the Vanderfield Building on the current site at St
Leonards, with 48 beds available for patients. New departments and
wards were added over the next fifty years, reflecting the increasing
diversity and professionalisation of healthcare. Polio treatment
pioneer Sister Kenny was invited to set up treatment clinics at the
hospital in the mid thirties. However she eventually took her research
to America after doctors at the hospital refused to admit that her
methods indicated that their own treatments had been damaging. Royal
North Shore became a teaching hospital of the University of Sydney in
1947. The Vanderfield Building is in the process of being sold to
property developers, its fate is unknown. [NSW Health, Wikipedia] Bexley
is a suburb in southern Sydney, located 14km south of the Sydney
central business district and is part of the St George area. James
Chandler named the suburb after his birthplace, Bexley in London,
England. Chandler aquired an estate in what is today Bexley in 1822.
The estate was heavily timbered and a track through the centre, used by
timber-getters, is today called Forest Road. Queen Victoria Street,
Gladstone Street and Beaconsfield Street commemorate the British Queen
and two of her prime ministers. Chandler was a well-respected citizen
and became known locally as the Squire of Bexley, but his property
attracted bushrangers, escaped convicts and other odd types. Chandler
was not happy with his ill-assortment of neighbours and sold the land
in 1836. In 1856 the then owner, Charles Tindell, began subdividing the
land for home sites. An upsurge in development began after the railway
line to Hurstville was opened in 1884. A two-tier wagonette and hansom
cab conveyed train travellers to their homes and in 1909 a steam tram
ran between Bexley and Arncliffe. Many inns opened in the area
including the Man of Kent, the Robin Hood and Little John Inn and the
Highbury Barn. In 1900, Hurstville Council ceded its Bexley ward which
became Bexley council. Bexley Council was merged with Rockdale Council
in 1948 to form the Municipality of Rockdale.[Wikipedia]
Surviving Cottages, Meeks Rd, Marrickville Photograph - Google StreetView
Mary Immaculate & St Athanasius, Manly Photograph - Google StreetView
Marrickville,
a suburb of Sydney's Inner West, 7km south-west of the Sydney central
business district. Marrickville sits on the northern bank of the Cooks
River, opposite the suburbs of Earlwood and Undercliffe and shares
borders with Stanmore, Enmore, Newtown, St Peters, Sydenham, Tempe,
Dulwich Hill and Petersham. The southern part of the suburb, near the
river, is known as Marrickville South and includes the historical
locality called The Warren. Marrickville is a diverse suburb consisting
of both low and high density residential, commercial and light
industrial areas. The name Marrickville comes from the 60 acre
'Marrick' estate of Thomas Chalder, which was subdivided in 1855. He
named it after his native village Marrick, North Yorkshire, England.
The estate centred on the intersection of Victoria Road and Chapel
Street. William Dean, the publican of the Marrick Hotel, in Illawarra
Road is credited with adding the “ville” to Marrick when it was
gazetted in 1861. In 1948, it merged with neighbouring municipalities
of St Peters and Petersham to form Marrickville Municipal Council. The
first school opened in August 1864 and the post office opened in 1865.
The railway line to Bankstown opened in 1895. The station was known as
Illawarra Road during construction. Later, when it was decided that
Marrickville was a more appropriate name, the original Marrickville
station was renamed Sydenham.[Wikipedia] Woollahra
is a suburb in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, 5km east of the Sydney
central business district. Woollahra is famous for its quiet,
tree-lined residential streets and village-style shopping centre.
Woollahra is an Aboriginal word meaning camp or meeting ground or a
sitting down place. It was adopted by Daniel Cooper when he laid the
foundations of Woollahra House in 1856. Cooper and his descendants were
responsible for the establishment and progress of the suburb and its
name was taken from the house. Woollahra is an extremely affluent
suburb, with a wide range of picturesque homes, mostly in various
Victorian styles.[Wikipedia] Mary Immaculate and St Athanasius, Manly.
In 1890 a large plot of land near an earlier church was purchased and
on 1/2/1891 the foundation stone for the present church was laid. Only
the nave was built. It is a tradition that Fr. Haydon, a lecturer from
almost the beginning of the College and one of it's staff for almost 40
years walked down form the College to the village each morning to say
daily Mass. He was president of the College from 1914-1918. The Manly
Freshwater Parish was formed in July 2008 bringing together the
parishes of Mary Immaculate and St Athanasius Manly and St John the
Baptist Freshwater.[RC Diocese of Broken Bay]
Aerial view of San Antonio, Texas, 1939 Photograph - US War Department
142 Pennystone Ave, San Antonio, Texas Photograph - Google StreetView
The Maunganui
was an oil burner steamship, with a speed of 15 to 16 knots. Her gross
register was 7527 tons, her displacement 11,340 tons, her length 430
feet and breadth 55.6 feet. Launched 1911 at the Govan yard, Glasgow,
Scotland by the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company for the
Union Steam Ship Company of New Zealand at a cost of about £200,000. On
29/12/1911 she departed from Plymouth, with 300 passengers for the
Antipodes. Upon arrival she was put into the trans-Tasman service until
she was requisitioned in 1914 by the New Zealand government and
converted into a troup carrier. At the end of the war the ship was
reconditioned, converted from coal to oil burning boilers and from
1922-1936 served on the Tasman-San Francisco run, with several brief
stints on the Tasman run. In 1936 the Union Line abandoned the San
Francisco route and the ship served as a cruise ship on the South Sea
Islands route until 1941 when she was again requisitioned for war
service, this time being converted into a Hospital Ship. In 1946 the
ship was returned to the Union Lines who elected to decommission the
ship, deeming it too old for service. She avoided being scrapped and
was sold to a Panamanian shipping line, who refitted her as an enconomy
class steamer and renamed her the 'Cyrenia', remaining on the
Europe-Australia run until 1957, mostly carring emigrants to Australia.
In 1957 the ship was decommissioned and broken up at Savona, Italy.[Medical Services in NZ & The Pacific, NZ Maritime Record] San Antonio
is the seventh-largest city proper in the USA and the second-largest
within the state of Texas, with a population of 1.33 million. Located
in the American Southwest and the south–central part of Texas, the city
serves as the seat of Bexar County. The city was named for San Antonio
de Padua, whose feast day is on June 13, when a Spanish expedition
stopped in the area in 1691. Early Spanish settlement of San Antonio
began with the Martin de Alarcon expedition and the establishment of
the San Antonio de Valero Mission (now the Alamo) as a means to
reassert Spanish dominance over Texas from the nearby French in
Louisiana. San Antonio grew to become the largest Spanish settlement in
Texas, and for most of its history, the capital of the Spanish, later
Mexican, province of Tejas. In 1845 the United States invaded Texas.
The war was devastating to San Antonio, and, at its end, the population
of the city had been reduced to only 800 inhabitants. By 1860 San
Antonio had grown to a city of 15,000 people. In 1877, the first
railroad reached San Antonio and the city was no longer on the
frontier, but began to enter the mainstream of American society. At the
beginning of the 20th century, the streets of downtown were widened to
accommodate street cars and modern traffic, destroying many historic
buildings in the process. Like many municipalities in the American
Southwest, San Antonio experienced a steady population growth. The
city's population has nearly doubled in 35 years, from just over
650,000 in the 1970 census to an estimated 1.2 million in 2005.[Wikipedia]
Mercie Albert Dunham Grave, Lake Grace, WA Source unknown
Amelia Follett & Heinrich Bentin Photograph - Sylvia White
Agnes M., Amelia F. & Mercie Brandon Photograph - Sylvia White
Ravendale,
Port Lincoln, was originally built as the private residence of the
resident Magistrate of Port Lincoln and was one of the early large
houses in the area. The gabled roof appears to be shingle and there is
an interesting wooden trim on the verandah.[State Library SA] Sheringa
is a corruption of the Aboriginal word 'tjeiringa' given to a type of
yam plant which flourished near local lagoons. The school opened as the
"Hundred of Way" in 1886 becoming "Sheringa" in 1906 and closed in
1953.[State Library SA] "A
Trip to the West Coast. Leaving Lake Hamilton, the road follows its
shores for a couple of miles till it turns through the hills and
continues rough and bumpy for a while, but improves just before
reaching 'Hillsea.' This place, with its white picket fence, hand, and
traffic gates, fashionably built house, and nourishing fruit garden,
looks more like a suburban villa than the homestead of a sheep run. For
the past fourteen years it has been the property of Mr. J. T. Morton,
who has just left for England. The stock, leases, and freehold, of
which there are 2,000 acres, have been purchased by Mr. J. D. Bruce,
who took delivery of the sheep from the shears. It is densely timbered
with sheoak on the plains below the ranges, other parts are scrubby,
intersected by fresh water swamps, and over all a superabundant supply
of limestone. Where there are no swamps, water is obtained from shallow
wells, and raised by windmills. The sheep are of a very good Merino
strain, numbering some 8,800, and they have about 35,000 acres to run
on. The wool is carted to Elliston, where it is shipped for the
Adelaide market. There is only enough put under cultivation to supply
hay for the station. The crop is expected to cut 15 cwt. per acre. The
next place of mark along the road is the township of Sheringa,
consisting of a temperance hotel, a general store, and blacksmith's
shop under one roof, and a public building, which is used as a Church,
a school, and a dancing-room. There are a few wheat fields about,
looking as though more favourable soil and rain would considerably
benefit them. The old Kappawanta Station is in this locality, now
subdivided and leased by woolgrowers on a comparatively small scale.
The producing capabilities of the place are restricted to wool. Mr.
Telfer has a portion of the old station which he calls 'Portana,' where
he runs several thousand sheep, and the clip and increase for the year
have well satisfied him. Blowhole Flat is another spot that is counted
fertile, but the season has been unfavourable, and the crops are thin
and poor. The country from the Hundred of Way to Elliston is occupied
by Mr. A. G. Thompson, of Talia. To describe it would be to reiterate
what has already been said of the surrounding country. It carries about
a sheep to 8 acres all through. If it were not for easy access to water
the whole of the grazing areas comprised south of a line drawn from
Port Augusta to Streaky Bay would be unstocked, and left to the
undisturbed possession of dingoes and rabbits."[SA Register 24/12/1898] Elliston
is a small coastal town in South Australia on the west coast of Eyre
Peninsula 169 km northwest of Port Lincoln and 641 km west of Adelaide.
The township is located on Waterloo Bay. It has a rainfall of 426 mm
per annum, and a Mediterranean climate. At the 2006 census, Elliston
had a population of 377. The first recorded exploration of the adjacent
coastline was by Matthew Flinders in the vessel HMS Investigator from
10–13 February 1802. He named the offshore islands but did not note the
presence of Waterloo Bay in his log. Edward John Eyre explored the area
on land in 1840 and 1841 on a journey to Western Australia from Port
Lincoln. Originally named Waterloo Bay, the township was later named by
Governor Sir William Jervois on a plan for the town on 23 November
1878. Locally it is believed to be named after the writer and educator
Ellen Liston who was born in England in 1838 and emigrated to South
Australia in 1850. She was a governess working on a local property
owned by John Hamp. It has also been suggested that Jervois, who had a
military background chose to honour Sir Henry Walton Ellis who was a
hero of the Battle of Waterloo. The area was settled in the 1840s with
Elliston being the central port from which the early settlers
transported their wool and wheat to market. Sailing ships and later
steam ships crossed Waterloo Bay’s notorious reefed entrance. A number
of ships foundered in the bay due to its narrow entrance and variable
tides. The town of Elliston lies on Waterloo Bay, a small coastal inlet
which is partially protected by a number of reefs lining the entrance
to the bay. Outside of the bay, the coastline is exclusively large
cliffs, with a number of surf beaches located on these stretches.
Inside the bay, it is relatively calm and shallow, full of seagrass
beds and reef, with sandy beaches lining most of the bay. Inland, the
country is mostly flat agricultural land.[Wikipedia] "Port
Elliston is a prettily situated town on the cliffs of Waterloo Bay, is
about 105 miles from Port Lincoln, and has 150 inhabitants. It boasts
of a jetty, hotel, two places of worship, an Institute, and other
businesses, in an upwards of forty houses. It is now the only town
between Port Lincoln and Streaky Bay, and is 100 miles from each. Venus
Bay once was a business centre, but now is a waste of drift sand.
Waterloo Bay derived its name from a battle royal that took place on
the peninsula separating the bay from the ocean, between a tribe of
blacks, who were chased and driven to bay by a party of police assisted
by the settlers. A hand-to-hand fight took place, and the blacks were
either killed or driven over the precipice."[SA Register 24/12/1898]
Mount Hope.
"A Trip to the West Coast ... By the time I began to think the scrub
would never end it gradually became more open and mixed with sheoak and
bluegum, and the summit of Mount Hope loomed up against the sky. Here
there is a mail station and an eating-house, and alongside the road a
crop of barley looking remarkably well. The undulating, limestony,
Mount Hope country is cut up into small pastoral blocks. The higher
reaches are well shaded with sheoak and honey-suckle trees, with good
grass and herbage. The low-lying parts are swampy, and are overspread
with magnificant bluegums, dense and spreading. A large portion of it
is held by Messrs. Myers Brothers, who farm the best parts of it. This
year they have a about 200 acres under crop, are harvesting about 15
cwt. of hay to the acre, and expect to reap 6 bushels. They also run a
flock of Merino sheep, which have been shorn, and an encouraging number
of bales of wool have been sent to the Adelaide market. In spite of
dingoes, rabbits, and wallabies the lambing returned a renumerative
percentage. There are miles of wire-netting everywhere, but
nonwithstanding all precautions rabbits increase and devastate every
available piece of fertile country."[SA Register 14/12/1898]
Downtown Eurelia, South Australia Photograph - Google StreetView
Offices, Flight Brothers Photograph - Google StreetView
Eden Hills (Blackwood) Brickworks Photograph - Theo Bachmann, c.1910s
Eurelia
is a small town in South Australia. It is name comes from the local
Jadliaura dialect and translates to "place of the ear". It is thought
that local Dreamtime stories associated with the Ranges locates Eurelia
as an "ear" of a prostrate man. The Eurelia School opened in 1881 and
closed in 1943. The Hundred of Eurelia School opened in 1919 and in the
same year had its name changed to "Hill View". Eurelia West School was
opened by Nellie Francis in 1888 and closed in 1922. Eurelia had two
dams, the first built when the railway was constructed. The original
dam held 20 million gallons. This dam was later supplemented when a new
dam of 20 million gallons capacity was built to the north of the
original dam, with the intent that the old dam would act as a settling
pond. Construction started in 1948 and was completed in 1952. The dam
remained empty until 1958 when, after heavy rains in the region, both
dams filled. Water from the dams was shipped across the SAR during
times of drought.[Wikipedia, State Library SA] Flight Brothers Pty Ltd
was founded in 1915 by Sidney Thomas Flight. Initially the firm was a
specialist tooling manufacturer, but also supplied some smaller
fabricated products. The business operated from a site at the corner of
Forrest Street and South Road, Glandore, South Australia. Sidney was
killed in a motor vehicle accident in 1946. In the 1940's Sidney's
sons, Herbert Thomas Holmesby Flight (Herb), and Lionel Percy James
Flight (Bill) joined the business. This was the partnership that became
known as the original "Flight Brothers". Whilst still being toolmakers
the business changed direction into larger volume manufacturing and
fabrication. The business moved to its current site in Edwardstown in
1953. The primary manufacture at this time was pressed metal components
for the whitegoods and automotive industries. In the late 1950's -
early 1960's Herb's sons Sidney Herbert Flight, and Graham James Flight
joined the business. The firm continued to expand and increased its
capabilities to include zinc electro-plating and added extra
fabrication capability. At this point in time Flight Bros commenced
manufacture some of their proprietary product lines including Blind and
Awning components and quick action toggle clamps. During this time
extra land was purchased adjacent to the original site, and the factory
and offices were expanded. In 1975 the partnership ceased and Flight
Bros Pty Ltd was incorporated. In 1981 Graham Flight purchased the
company from the rest of the family. In the 1970s - 1980s Flight Bros
developed its range of Abattoir equpment, and commenced manufacturing
Communication Towers and Masts. In 1986 Graham's son, Dwayne Flight
joined the business and in 1999 purchased the company. The major
product areas are now Communication Towers and Masts, Abattoir
equipment, Awning Fittings, Mining Components, Renewable Energy
Hardware and General Fabrication Throught the 1990s Flight Bros
commenced exporting its products, and have now supplied products to
over 40 countries worldwide.[Flight Brothers] Eden Hills (Blackwood) Brickworks.
Eden Hills is a suburb in the Mitcham Hills area, 12 km. south of
Adelaide, South Australia in the local government area of the City of
Mitcham. A brickworks was established near the railway line and
Shepherds Hill Road in 1881 to facilitate the building of railway
tunnels and remained in operation until 1933. A smaller brickyard
operated near Parham Road from 1884-1930.[Wikipedia] Note on the image above of the brickworks, the SA State Library has given the blurb for the next image in Backman's series.
21 Bolingbroke Avenue, Devon Park Photograph - Google StreetView
St Cuthbert's, Prospect Photograph - Google StreetView
Devon Park is an inner
northern suburb of Adelaide, South Australia, 4.6km NW of Adelaide city
centre. The suburb was laid out on part of the Hundred of Yatala by
Lavinia and George Charles Braund, c.1920. There appears to be no doubt
that they named it after some English associations as some of the
streets bear names of the Devon area, eg, Exeter, Plymouth, Cavendish,
etc.[State Library SA, Wikipedia]
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